Chapter 9 Flashcards
Anaphase
stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids are separated from each other.
Binary Fission
prokaryotic cell division process
cell-cycle checkpoint
mechanism that monitors the preparedness of a eukaryotic cell to advance through the various cell-cycle stages.
Centriole
rod-like structure constructed of microtubules at the center of each animal cell centrosome
centromere
region at which sister chromatids are bound together, a constricted area in condensed chromosomes.
Chromatid
single DNA molecule of two strands of duplicated DNA and associated proteins held together at the centromere.
condensin
proteins that help sister chromatids coil during prophase
Cyclin
one of a group of proteins that act in conjunction with CDK to help regulate cell cycle by phosphorylating key proteins. Concentration of cyclins fluctuate throughout cell-cycle
Cyclin Dependent Kinase (CDK)
one of a group of protein kinases that helps to regulate the cell cycle when attached to cyclin. Phosphorylates proteins that are either activated or inactivated by phosphorylation
Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm following mitosis that forms two daughter cells.
Diploid
cell, nucleus, or organism containing two sets of chromosomes (2n)
FtsZ
tubulin-like protein component of the prokaryotic cytoskeleton that is important in prokaryotic cytokinesis (name origin: Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z)
G0 Phase
distinct from the G1 phase of interphase; a cell in G0 is not preparing to divide.
G1 Phase
(also, first gap) first phase of interphase centered on cell growth during mitosis.
G2 Phase
(also, second gap) third phase of interphase during which the cell undergoes final preparations for mitosis.
Gamete
Haploid reproductive cell or sex cell
Genome
total genetic information of a cell or organism
Haploid
Cell, Nucleus, or organism containing one set of chromosomes (n)
Homologous Chromosomes
chromosomes of the same morphology with genes in the same location; diploid organisms have pairs of homologous chromosomes (homologs), with each homolog derivedfrom a different parent.
Interphase
period of the cell cycle leading up to mitosis; includes G1, S, and G2 phases (the interim period between two consecutive cell divisions)
Kinetochore
protein structure associated with the centromere of each sister chromatid that attracts and binds spindle microtubules during prometaphase
locus
position of a gene on a chromosome
metaphase
stage of mitosis during which chromosome are aligned at the metaphase plate
mitotic spindle
apparatus composed of microtubules that orchestrates movement of chromosomes during mitosis
oncogene
mutated version of a normal gene involved in the position regulation of the cell cycle
p53
cell-cycle regulatory protein that regulates cell growth and monitors DNA damage; it halts the progression of the cell cycle in cases of DNA damage and may induce apoptosis.
pro metaphase
stage of mitosis during which the nuclear membrane breaks down and mitotic spindle fibers attach to the kinetochore
Prophase
stage of mitosis where the chromosomes condense and mitotic spindles begin to form
proto-oncogene
normal gene that when mutated becomes an oncogene
Retinoblastoma protein (Rb)
regulatory molecule that exhibits negative effects on the cell cycle by interacting with a transcription factor (E2F)
S Phase
second, or synthesis, stage of interphase where DNA replication occurs
Telophase
stage of mitosis during which chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, decondense, and are surrounded by a new nuclear envelope.
Tumor Suppressor Gene
segment of DNA that codes for regulator proteins that prevent the cell from undergoing uncontrolled cell division
