Chapter 9

Question 1

Anaphase

Answer 1

stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids are separated from each other.

Question 2

Binary Fission

Answer 2

prokaryotic cell division process

Question 3

cell-cycle checkpoint

Answer 3

mechanism that monitors the preparedness of a eukaryotic cell to advance through the various cell-cycle stages.

Question 4

Centriole

Answer 4

rod-like structure constructed of microtubules at the center of each animal cell centrosome

Question 5

centromere

Answer 5

region at which sister chromatids are bound together, a constricted area in condensed chromosomes.

Question 6

Chromatid

Answer 6

single DNA molecule of two strands of duplicated DNA and associated proteins held together at the centromere.

Question 7

condensin

Answer 7

proteins that help sister chromatids coil during prophase

Question 8

Cyclin

Answer 8

one of a group of proteins that act in conjunction with CDK to help regulate cell cycle by phosphorylating key proteins. Concentration of cyclins fluctuate throughout cell-cycle

Question 9

Cyclin Dependent Kinase (CDK)

Answer 9

one of a group of protein kinases that helps to regulate the cell cycle when attached to cyclin. Phosphorylates proteins that are either activated or inactivated by phosphorylation

Question 10

Cytokinesis

Answer 10

division of the cytoplasm following mitosis that forms two daughter cells.

Question 11

Diploid

Answer 11

cell, nucleus, or organism containing two sets of chromosomes (2n)

Question 12

FtsZ

Answer 12

tubulin-like protein component of the prokaryotic cytoskeleton that is important in prokaryotic cytokinesis (name origin: Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z)

Question 13

G0 Phase

Answer 13

distinct from the G1 phase of interphase; a cell in G0 is not preparing to divide.

Question 14

G1 Phase

Answer 14

(also, first gap) first phase of interphase centered on cell growth during mitosis.

Question 15

G2 Phase

Answer 15

(also, second gap) third phase of interphase during which the cell undergoes final preparations for mitosis.

Question 16

Gamete

Answer 16

Haploid reproductive cell or sex cell

Question 17

Genome

Answer 17

total genetic information of a cell or organism

Question 18

Haploid

Answer 18

Cell, Nucleus, or organism containing one set of chromosomes (n)

Question 19

Homologous Chromosomes

Answer 19

chromosomes of the same morphology with genes in the same location; diploid organisms have pairs of homologous chromosomes (homologs), with each homolog derivedfrom a different parent.

Question 20

Interphase

Answer 20

period of the cell cycle leading up to mitosis; includes G1, S, and G2 phases (the interim period between two consecutive cell divisions)

Question 21

Kinetochore

Answer 21

protein structure associated with the centromere of each sister chromatid that attracts and binds spindle microtubules during prometaphase

Question 22

locus

Answer 22

position of a gene on a chromosome

Question 23

metaphase

Answer 23

stage of mitosis during which chromosome are aligned at the metaphase plate

Question 24

mitotic spindle

Answer 24

apparatus composed of microtubules that orchestrates movement of chromosomes during mitosis

Question 25

oncogene

Answer 25

mutated version of a normal gene involved in the position regulation of the cell cycle

Question 26

p53

Answer 26

cell-cycle regulatory protein that regulates cell growth and monitors DNA damage; it halts the progression of the cell cycle in cases of DNA damage and may induce apoptosis.

Question 27

pro metaphase

Answer 27

stage of mitosis during which the nuclear membrane breaks down and mitotic spindle fibers attach to the kinetochore

Question 28

Prophase

Answer 28

stage of mitosis where the chromosomes condense and mitotic spindles begin to form

Question 29

proto-oncogene

Answer 29

normal gene that when mutated becomes an oncogene

Question 30

Retinoblastoma protein (Rb)

Answer 30

regulatory molecule that exhibits negative effects on the cell cycle by interacting with a transcription factor (E2F)

Question 31

S Phase

Answer 31

second, or synthesis, stage of interphase where DNA replication occurs

Question 32

Telophase

Answer 32

stage of mitosis during which chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, decondense, and are surrounded by a new nuclear envelope.

Question 33

Tumor Suppressor Gene

Answer 33

segment of DNA that codes for regulator proteins that prevent the cell from undergoing uncontrolled cell division