Chapter 9-15 Flashcards
She made her name with her “quickie” biographies
a 22-part series
Ida Tarbell
target was JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER and the Standard Oil Company. In 1904, it was published as a book.
Ida Tarbell
Was the most thoroughly researched piece of work of the muckraking era
Ida Tarbell’s History of the
Standard Oil Company
“one of Mr. Rockefeller’s most impressive
characteristics is patience.”
An excerpt from McClure’s of Tarbell’s
famous piece
Edward Bernays
Institutional Visionary of PR
She was a muckracker
Got started with McClure’s Mag
22 part series on LIncoln
Ida Tarbell
Reconstruction/Industrialism
Her father was forced out of business by Rockefeller: “They had never played fair, and that ruined their greatness for me.”
Ida Tarbell
You must put in, if you would take out.”
An excerpt from McClure’s of Tarbell’s
famous piece
He was like a general who, besieging a city surrounded by fortified hills, views from a balloon the whole great field, and sees how, this point taken, that must fall; this hill reached, that fort is
commanded.
An excerpt from McClure’s of Tarbell’s
famous piece
And nothing was too small: the corner grocery in Browntown, the humble refining still on Oil Creek, the shortest
private pipe line.
An excerpt from McClure’s of Tarbell’s
famous piece
Nothing, for little things grow.”
An excerpt from McClure’s of Tarbell’s
famous piece
What happened? How? 1867: 1890: 1910: 1911:
1867: Formation of Standard Oil
1890: Sherman Anti-Trust Act
1910: Rockefeller’s net worth = 2.5% US economy
or (today)
$250,000,000,000
= 2 x Bill Gates’ in the 1998 anti-trust suit
1911: Standard Oil case (muckraker’s paradise)
What decision lead to the breakup of Rockefeller’s company?
1911: Standard Oil case (muckraker’s paradise)
Decision breaks up Rockefeller’s company into six main entities:
- Exxon
- Mobil
- Chevron
- Amoco
- Gulf
- Texaco
She was so dedicated to her work that she risked being an outcast.
Not what you’d call a “feminist.”
Ida Tarbell
“Tears are not a part of the journalistic capital. An editor … has no leisure for ‘feelings’ … When a woman enters journalism she must not put forward her femininity to such an extent as to demand that the habits of an office be changed on her account.”
Ida Tarbell
When America’s leading writers were polled in 2000 to list the top 100 works of journalism in the 20th Century, ___________________________ ranked #5.
The History of the Standard Oil Company by Ida Tarbell
And what did Rockefeller do after the Standard Oil Case?
He went into pr!
Hired by Rockefeller after he decided to go into PR
Ivy Ledbetter Lee
“The father of pr”
Ivy Ledbetter Lee
Parker and Lee
1905
Ivy Ledbetter Lee
George Parker
Parker and Lee forms partnership with George Parker (Democratic campaign manager) Clients include:
Rockefeller
- Pennsylvania Railroad
- Assistant to Red Cross during World War I
Colorado coal miners strike Rockefeller family owns mines
+20 killed including women and children
Ludlow Massacre April 20, 1914
Who sung a song about the “Ludlow Massacre?”
Woody Guthrie
Woody Guthrie
Sung a song about the Ludlow Massacre
Standard Oil has been trust busted, but it needs something more than just a press agent—_________
it needs to change
Rockefeller’s image rehabilitated through _________ efforts, as well as _________.
public relations,
concessions to labor
Woodie Guthrie (how is he a source?)
He was there when the massacre happened and wrote a song about it.
One of Bernay’s clients:
_____________ (book publishers) Early 1930s
Simon & Schuster
How did Bernay get Simon & Schuster to sell more books
Sell Bookshelves!!! if there’s book shelves in every house people will want to fill them up.
“Torches of Freedom,” 1929 came from
Tobacco client of Edward Bernays
What did women start to do after “Torches of Freedom”
Smoking cigarettes
Why were cigarettes so big?
Cigarettes meant as symbols of manhood and importance of the society.
Torches of Freedom for women meant that
They were breaking social taboos set by men that only men could smoke cigarette.
___________________ has been described
as “the father of spin,” based on Propaganda and another central idea:
“The essence of democratic society” is the “engineering of consent”
Edward Bernays
Shot the lasting images of Spanish Civil War and the Second World War
Robert Capa
Robert Capa’s most famous pic
Spanish Republican at the moment he was shot.
Started the minimalist writing technique
Ernest Hemingway
The celebrated novelist covered the Spanish war for the North American Newspaper Alliance
Ernest Hemingway
The celebrated novelist covered the war for the North American Newspaper Alliance
Ernest Hemingway
“The Spanish Earth”
John Dos Passos , Ernest Hemingway, Joris Ivens
also featuring Orson Welles
A documentary showing the struggle of the Spanish Republican government against a rebellion by ultra-right-wing forces led by Gen. Francisco Franco and backed by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy.
“The Spanish Earth”
“Possibly the most powerful propaganda film ever made, Triumph of the Will is also, in retrospect, one of the most horrifying.” – NYTimes review
“Triumph of the Will”
1934: Nazi Nuremburg rally Leni Riefenstahl produces
“Triumph of the Will”
This couldn’t have been what Bernays had in mind, but it was the manifestation of converged media at the time.
“Triumph of the Will”
Journalist: London Tribune
Author: Homage to Catalonia Animal Farm 1984 (among others)
Essayist, Social Critic
George Orwell
Journalist: London Tribune
Author: Homage to Catalonia Animal Farm 1984 (among others)
Essayist, Social Critic
George Orwell
6) Break any of these rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous. (Be a human)
An excerpt from “Politics and the English Language,” 1946.
-George Orwell
Quite possibly the greatest piece of satire ever written (1964).
Animal Farm by George Orwell
Quite possibly the greatest piece of satire ever written.
Animal Farm by George Orwell
A Revolution gone wrong:
“All animals are created equal. Some are more equal than others … Two legs good, four legs bad.”
1946“All animals are created equal. Some are more equal than others … Two legs good, four legs bad.”
Animal Farm by George Orwell
Murrow in London (in the early days of the Battle of Britain)
“This is London.”
An excerpt from a famous Murrow (CBS) broadcast:
“This … is Trafalgar Square”
“This is London.”
“This … is Trafalgar Square”
“This is London.”
Greatest piece of journalism in American History
Narration of 6 stories of people that were at Hiroshima
The Hiroshima Issue of the New Yorker
The Hiroshima Issue of the New Yorker was written by
John Hersey
M.A.D.
Mutually Assured Destruction
The new-fangled (and costly) invention doesn’t catch on until after the war.
Television
Wanted CBS to be No. 1 in news and entertainment
And he staged a raid worthy of WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST, hiring radio stars such as JACK BENNY
Paley
1941: CBS and NBC license ____________
commercial TV stations
1943: “stepchild of NBC”
ABC
First News broadcasts in
1948 after
___________ was the main TV advertisement. Oil also advertised
Tabaco
Usually ________ on tv broadcast for effect and bc cheap.
Smoked
Twin obsession of the 1950s
Domestic Communism & Rock n’ Roll
Newspaper person that went into television
Ed Sullivan
CBS Variety Series June 20, 1948 - June 6, 1971
Ed Sullivan
Every Sunday night for more than 20 years, this homely newspaper columnist with peculiar diction and awkward gestures brought an incredible variety of entertainment into American homes.
Ed Sullivan
Elvis sings “Hound Dog” on
The Steve Allen Show, 1956 (NBC)
_______ first appearance on Sullivan: 1956 (CBS)
Elvis
“The Wasit-up” Show
1957: Elvis
Another important transition from CBS radio to CBS TV:
Murrow’s decision to _______
enter the world of television in the 1950s soon gave the new medium credibility
First to do- In depth reporting, feature stories
“See it Now” - Murrow
The key player and assistant. Roy Cohn
Joeseph McCarthy
Was an artist of press manipulation (Senator, Wisconsin)
Joseph McCarthy
Announced list of “hundreds” of communist infiltrators in government, public institutions, and HOLLYWOOD, and promised to disclose names but never did.
Joseph McCarthy
He staged press conferences . . .
Joseph McCarthy
He staged press conferences . . .
McCarthy
Some of the great screenwriters of the time, including DALTON TRUMBO and RING LARDNER Jr., were called to testify.
The Hollywood 10
Outed people in Hollywood. (wrongly banished? or a traitor?)
Elia Kazan
Actors _____________ and ____________ lead the parade of actors in Washington to protest McCarthy’s tactics.
HUMPHREY BOGART &
LAUREN BACALL
________________ broadcast about McCarthy in 1954 effectively ended the senator’s career
Murrow’s “See it Now”
Murrow’s partner for his greatest work and later president of CBS News
FRED FRIENDLY
“You be the judge”
FRED FRIENDLY
Patriotant saint of broadcast journalism
Murrow & Friendly
EDITOR/PUBLISHER of the Las Vegas Sun
Hank Greenspun
Muckraking, aka
the literature of exposure (Greenspun)
Muckraking, aka
the literature of exposure
The ___________ Broadcasts March 9, 1954
McCarthy
“Good Night and Good Luck” (2005) David Strathairn was based on the life of
McCarthy
“Good Night and Good Luck” (2005) David Strathairn was based on the life of
McCarthy
Murrow closed his famous March 9, 1954, segment on Joseph McCarthy paraphrasing _________
Shakespeare.
“THE FAULT, DEAR BRUTUS, IS NOT IN OUR STARS, BUT IN OURSELVES”
-WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE, JULIUS CAESAR I.II.135-141.
Quote used by Murrow to close his famous segment on Joseph McCarthy
“Have you no sense of decency?”
McCarthy with Joseph Welch on floor of Senate, June 9, 1954
________ “Farewell” at the Radio Television News Directors Association Convention, Oct. 15, 1958 (the RTNDA speech)
Murrow’s
“the boy genius”
Orson Welles
“the boy genius”
Orson Welles
His media career started in radio
“The Shadow Knows!” (1937)
Orson Welles
Macbeth in Harlem, 1937
Orson Welles
Macbeth in Harlem, 1937
Orson Welles
OCTOBER 31, 1938, the day after:
“Radio Listeners in Panic, Taking War Drama as Fact.”
Orson Welles
Produced by Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO) Pictures and Welles (through Mercury) as a joint venture of radio (RCA) and theatre executives.
Citizen Kane
Welles’ punishment for
terrifying listeners?
An unprecedented contract.
What happened to the careers of Welles and Hearst after the release of Citizen Kane?
Wells went up and Hearst went down
What was rosebud in the film Citizen Kane
A sled from his childhood that he couldn’t get back.
What was Hearst’s real-life rosebud?
Hearst’s mistress:
MARION DAVIES
Times v. Sullivan (1964)
L.B. Sullivan, city commissioner, Montgomery, Alabama
Claims ad refers to him: Sues for libel
Jury grants $500,000 damages
Times appeals to Supreme Court . . .
___________ argues on behalf of the “profound national commitment to the principle that debate on public issues should be uninhibited, robust, and wide-open”
UNANIMOUS COURT (Times v. Sullivan 1964) precedent
A “public official” may not recover damages for defamatory falsehood unless statement
was made with “actual malice” or with “reckless disregard” of the truth.
Times v. Sullivan (1964) precedent
A “public official” may not recover damages for defamatory falsehood unless statement
was made with “actual malice” or with “reckless disregard” of the truth.
Times v. Sullivan (1964)
“the beginning and end of journalism history as we knew it”
FEAR AND LOATHING
The Counterculture
& Watergate
It didn’t really start here, but this magazine definitely popularized the movement
Rolling Stones
Goes to Berkeley, meets RALPH J. GLEASON, Drops out.
Jann Wenner
Famous for trying to push the limits of free speech.
Screaming the F bomb
Jann Wenner
Famous for trying to push the limits of free speech.
Screaming the F bomb
Jann Wenner
An important music journalist and an aging hipster buddy of Wenner’s
Ralph J. Gleason
San Francisco Chronicle, founding editor of Rolling Stone
Ralph J. Gleason
The first issue: Nov. 5, 1967
The Rolling Stones
The first issue: Nov. 5, 1967
The Rolling Stones
___________ put ROLLING STONE on the cultural map
November 23, 1968
John Lennon
___________ put ROLLING STONE on the cultural map
November 23, 1968
John Lennon
The headline in the San Francisco Examiner was
“Nude Beatle perils city”
The Annie Liebowitz picture was taken a day before
John Lennon
The Annie Liebowitz picture was taken a day before
John Lennon
Music was the first focus of the magazine, though it also sought to “embrace the lifestyle” the music represented.
The Rolling Stones
Gonzo before there was “Gonzo”
Lester Bangs
Life’s work collected as Psychotic Reactions and Carburetor Dung
Lester Bangs
Died of a drug overdose
Lester Bangs
1973: Wenner fires Bangs for being “disrespectful to musicians” and in turn promotes another colorful figure . . .
Hunter S. Thompson
1973: Wenner fires Bangs for being “disrespectful to musicians” and in turn promotes another colorful figure . . .
Hunter S. Thompson
- High school dropout
- National Observer, Latin America
- San Francisco
“Dr.” Thompson’s Life
He first came to Wenner’s attention as a candidate for sheriff of Aspen (1970)
Hunter S. Thompson
He first came to Wenner’s attention as a candidate for sheriff of Aspen (1970)
Hunter S. Thompson
This classic of literary journalism first appeared in two issues of Rolling Stone in 1971, credited to RAOUL DUKE. It appeared in book form, under THOMPSON’s name, in 1972.
Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas
Thompson’s attorney
Oscar Zeta Acosta (Dr. Gonzo)
“McKeen, You shit-eating freak. I warned you about writing that vicious trash about me. Now you better get fitted for a black eye patch, just in case one of your eyes gets gouged out by a bushy-haired stranger in a dimly-lit parking lot. How fast can you learn Braille? You are scum.”
Hunter S. Thompson
“McKeen, You shit-eating freak. I warned you about writing that vicious trash about me. Now you better get fitted for a black eye patch, just in case one of your eyes gets gouged out by a bushy-haired stranger in a dimly-lit parking lot. How fast can you learn Braille? You are scum.”
Hunter S. Thompson
His home was a fortified compound outside of Aspen
Hunter S. Thompson
Pulitzer Prize winning writer for the Times
Seymour Hersh
“the toughest reporter in America” (A GUARDDOG!)
Seymour Hersh
“the toughest reporter in America”
Seymour Hersh
March 1968 A division of American troops led by Calley enters _______ and, among other alleged crimes, kill approximately 500 unarmed men, women and children.
My Lai
60’s referred to as the
second reconstruction
My Lai fallout (what press story led to it?)
Calley convicted, sentenced, released
26th Amendment (how did the media influence ratification?)
June 14: Attorney General John
Mitchell warns Times against further publication.
June 15: Government wins restraining order against Times – injunction extended to Post, which joined efforts to publish documents.
June 30, 1971
U.S. Supreme Court lifts the prior restraints (6-3 vote)
Daniel Ellsberg leaks info … June 13, 1971
Neil Sheehan’s first story on the Pentagon Papers
“Vietnam Archive:
Pentagon Study Traces
3 Decades of Growing
U.S. Involvement.”
The Pentagon Papers
Founders of modern journalism
Woodwar & Berstien
Should woodwar and berstiein the ropes
Ben Bradlee
Should woodwar and berstiein the ropes
BEN BRADLEE
Washington Post publisher (1917-2001)
Katherine
Graham (Philip d. 1963)
Post publisher (1917-2001)
Katherine
Graham (Philip d. 1963)
All The President’s Men (1976) was about
the REAL Deep Throat
“And that’s the way it is…”
“Uncle” Walter Cronkite
“And that’s the way it is…”
Uncle Walter
Worked for: CBS ABC NBC CNN
Connie Chung
60 minutes lead reporter (CBS)
Mike Wallace
Media critic, Former Dean of Grad School of Journalism, UC, Berkeley, author of The New Media Monopoly
Ben H. Bagdikian
“The Media” newspapers, magazines, books, movies, television, radio 6 to 20 huge corporations have dominant voice in developed and developing world, such as:
ABC/Disney; NBC/G.E; CBS/Viacom; Sony/Bertlesmann; Time/Warner; News Corporation … [others]
Is it news, entertainment, both, or none of the above?
Infotainment
the company formerly known as AOL/Time Warner definitely a trans-national media conglomeration
Time Warner
He was responsible for creating this media empire, building it into an extension of himself, so that he is able to continue living, even though he is dead.
Henry R. Luce
In the beginning, LUCE and his partner BRITON HADDEN begat
• TIME magazine Then LUCE (solo) begat • FORTUNE • LIFE • SPORTS ILLUSTRATED In death, LUCE begat • MONEY • PEOPLE • IN STYLE ... and on and on and on
The first Time issue: March 23, 1923
Congressman Joseph Gurney Cannon retires first modern news magazine
Luce’s second magazine allowed him to glorify business
Fortune
It began publishing in 1929, an odd time to glorify business
Fortune
One of the primary forces behind LIFE was Luce’s second wife, playwright and ambassador _______
Clare Boothe Luce
One of the primary forces behind LIFE was Luce’s second wife, playwright and ambassador _______
Clare Boothe Luce
- Playwright
- Ambassador to Italy
- Congress (R) Conn. (1942-46)
- Vanity Fair, managing editor
- War-time journalism for LIFE
Clare Boothe Luce
Clare Boothe Luce helped her husband get access to …
TIME WARNER
• TIME INC./Time, LIFE, People, etc.; Book of the
Month Club; Little, Brown and Co.; Warner Books, etc.
- WARNER BROS./Warner Bros. Pictures, New Line Cinema, WB Television, DC Comics, etc.
- WARNER MUSIC/Atlantic, Warner, Reprise, Rhino, Maverick, etc.; Columbia House; music publishing, etc.
- HBO/HBO, Cinemax, Comedy Central, cable companies, etc.
- CNN/Turner Entertainment, TNT, etc.
- AOL/AMERICA ONLINE (2001-2003)
Since the 70s (if not well before then) conglomeration has had
- Less competition
- (i.e.) Approx. 99% cities have only one daily newspaper
- Decrease in hard reporting
- Increase in soft features
“______ has unexpected effect on journalism,” AP, March 17, 2008
Web
Old Man and the Sea
Hemingway’s last major piece of fiction
Dan Rather was a part of
CBS evening news
Dan Rather was a part of
CBS evening news
Reported JFK assignation and Watergate
Dan Rather
Nixon’s tapes (what role did they play?)
Sky rocketing Dan Rather’s career because he accused the president of not answering the questions of Watergate
German film director, producer, screenwriter, editor, photographer, actress and dancer widely known for directing the Nazi propaganda film Triumph of the Will.
Leni Riefenstahl
Prominence in the Third Reich, along with her personal association with Adolf Hitler, destroyed her film career following Germany’s defeat in World War II, after which she was arrested but released without any charges.
Riefenstahl
Producer of 60 minutes
Lowell Bergman
Distinguished Chair in Investigative Reporting at the Graduate School of Journalism at UC Berkeley and director of the Investigative Reporting Program, where he has taught a seminar dedicated to investigative reporting for over 20 years.
Lowell Bergman
Producer/correspondent for the PBS documentary series Frontline.
Lowell Bergman
“the most trusted man in America”
Walter Cronkite
William Randolph Hearst and his New York Journal
Yellow Journalism
American businessman and pioneer of American radio and television. Throughout most of his career he led the Radio Corporation of America in various capacities from shortly after its founding in 1919 until his retirement in 1970
David Sarnoff
Founder of RCA (Radio Corporation of America) 1919
David Sarnoff
Invented Frequency Modulation (FM)
Edwin Howard Armstrong
he most prolific and influential inventor in radio history
Edwin Howard Armstrong
The inventor of radio
Guglielmo Marconi
“Father of Radio”
Lee de Forest
A pioneer in the development of sound-on-film recording used for motion pictures.
Lee de Forest
Theories on the possibility of the transmission by radio waves. Experiments also conducted
Nikola Tesla
American publisher. She led her family’s newspaper, The Washington Post, for more than two decades, overseeing its most famous period, the Watergate coverage that eventually led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon.
Katherine Graham
He is the founder, chairman and CEO of global media holding company News Corporation, the world’s second-largest media conglomerate,
Rupert Murdoch
His News Corporation acquired Twentieth Century Fox (1985), HarperCollins (1989)[14] and The Wall Street Journal (2007)
Rupert Murdoch
GE-NBC stands for
General Electric’s National Broadcasting Company
CBS stands for
Columbia Broadcasting System
ABC stands for
American Broadcasting Company
“Good night and good luck” (who said it, why?);
Murrow
Wo created CBS?
Paley
“It is common talk among homosexuals in Milwaukee who rendezvous in the White Horse Inn that Senator Joe McCarthy has often engaged in homosexual activities.”
Las Vegas Sun, (Oct. 25, 1952)
Hank Greenspan about McCarthy
