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Injuries > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is trauma?

A

A physical injury or wound produced by internal or external forces.

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2
Q

what is mechanical injury?

A

An injury that results from force or mechanical energy that changes state of rest or uniform motion of matter.

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3
Q

What is load?

A

An external force acting on the body causing internal reactions with the tissue.

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4
Q

What is stiffness?

A

The ability of tissue to resist a load. The greater the stiffness, the more magnitude of load it can resist.

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5
Q

What is stress?

A

Internal resistance to a load.

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6
Q

What is strain?

A

Internal change in tissue (length) resulting in deformation.

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7
Q

What does it mean that body tissues are viscoelastic?

A

Contain both viscous and elastic properties.

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8
Q

What is yield point?

A

The point at which elasticity is almost exceeded (in tissue).

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9
Q

What happens to tissue if deformation persists?

A

Following the release of the load, permanent or plastic changes result.

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10
Q

What happens when the yield point of a tissue is far exceeded?

A

Mechanical failure occurs, resulting in damage.

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11
Q

What are four types of tissue loading?

A
  1. Tension
  2. Shearing
  3. Bending
  4. Torsion
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12
Q

What is tension?

A

Force that pulls and stretches the tissue.

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13
Q

What is shearing?

A

Force that moves across the parallel organization of tissue.

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14
Q

What is bending?

A

It can be…
1. Two force pairs that act at opposite ends of a structure (4 points)
2. Three forces causing bending (3 points)
3. Already bowed structures encounter axial loading

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15
Q

What is torsion?

A

Loads caused by twisting in opposite directions from opposite sides. Shear stress will be perpendicular and parallel to the loads.

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16
Q

What is an acute injury?

A

When something has initiated the injury process.

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17
Q

What is a chronic injury?

A

When an injury doesn’t heal properly.

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18
Q

What is the difference between overuse injuries and traumatic injuries?

A

Traumatic injuries are caused by a direct blow, while overuse injuries ae caused by repetitive dynamic use over time.

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19
Q

What is musculotendinous?

A

Relating to or affecting muscular and tendinous tissue.

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20
Q

What are anatomical characteristics of musculotendinous injuries?

A

They are composed of contractile cells that produce movement and posses the following 3 characteristics:
1. Irritability
2. Conductivity
3. Elasticity

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21
Q

What are 3 types of skeletal muscle?

A
  1. Cardiac
  2. Smooth
  3. Striated
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22
Q

what is a muscle strain?

A

A stretch, tear or rip to muscle or adjacent tissue. Ranges from minute separation of connective tissue to complete tendinous avulsion or muscle rupture.

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23
Q

What is grade one of a muscle strain?

A

Some fibers have been stretched or actually torn resulting in tenderness and pain on active range of motion, movement painful but full range present

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24
Q

What is grade 2 of a muscle strain?

A

A number of fibers have been torn and active contraction is painful, usually a depression or divot is palpable, some swelling and discoloration result.

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25
Q

What is grade 3 of a muscle strain?

A

Complete rupture of muscle or musculotendinous junction; significant impairment initially with a great deal of pain that diminishes due to nerve damage.

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26
Q

What is a muscle strain similar to?

A

A contusion or sprain with capillary or blood vessel hemorrhage.

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27
Q

How long does it take to recover from a muscle strain?

A

It can be lengthy, treatment and recovery may take 6 to 8 weeks depending on severity. Returning to play too soon could result in reinjury.

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28
Q

What is a muscle cramp?

A

a painful involuntary skeletal muscle contraction that occurs in well-developed individuals when muscle is in shortened position.

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29
Q

What is muscle guarding?

A

When, following injury, muscles within an effected area contract to splint the area in an effort to minimize pain through limitation of movement. Involuntary.

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30
Q

What would a spasm indicate?

A

Increased tone due to upper motor neuron lesion in the brain.

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31
Q

What is a muscle spasm?

A

A reflex caused by trauma.

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32
Q

What are 2 types of muscle spasms?

A
  1. Clonic
  2. Tonic
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33
Q

What is a clonic muscle spasm?

A

Alternating involuntary muscular contractions and relaxations in quick succession.

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34
Q

What is a tonic muscle spasm?

A

Rigid contraction that lasts a period of time.

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35
Q

What can muscle spasm lead to?

A

Muscle or tendon injuries.

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36
Q

What is muscle soreness?

A

overexertion in strenuous exercise resulting in muscular pain. Generally occurs following participation in an activity that individual is unaccustomed to.

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37
Q

What is ROM?

A

Range Of Motion.

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38
Q

What are 2 types of muscle soreness?

A
  1. Acute-onset muscle soreness
  2. Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)
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39
Q

What is DOMS?

A

Delayed-onset muscle soreness.

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40
Q

What is delayed-onset muscle soreness?

A

Pain that occurs 24-48 hours following activity that gradually subsides (pain free in 3 to 4 days). It is potentially caused by slight microtrauma to muscle or connective tissue structures.

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41
Q

What is acute-onset muscle soreness?

A

Accompanies fatigue and is transient muscle pain experienced immediately after exercise.

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42
Q

How do you prevent muscle soreness?

A

Gradual buildup of intensity (of working out).

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43
Q

What is the breaking point of a tendon?

A

When it is stretched at 6-8% of increased length.

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44
Q

Where do tears generally occur?

A

In muscle and not tendon.

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45
Q

What does repetitive stress on tendon result in?

A

Microtrauma and elongation, causing fibroblasts influx and increased collagen production.

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46
Q

What can repeated microtrauma of tendons evolve into?

A

Chronic muscle strain due to reabsorption of collagen fibers.

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47
Q

What is tendinitis?

A

Inflammation of the tendon with obvious signs of swelling and pain. Due to repeated microtrauma and degenerative changes.

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48
Q

What is crepitus?

A

The sticking of tendon due to accumulation of inflammatory by-products on irritated tissue.

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49
Q

What is the key treatment to tendinitis?

A

Rest. It may require substitute activity to maintain fitness.

50
Q

What can tendinitis turn into without proper healing?

A

Tendinosis.

51
Q

What is tendinosis?

A

Less inflammation, but more visibly swollen with stiffness and restricted motion. May be accompanied by a tender lump. Common in middle and old age.

52
Q

What is the treatment for tendinosis?

A

Stretching and strengthening.

53
Q

What is tendinopathy?

A

Can refer to tendinitis or tendinosis.

54
Q

What is tenosynovitis?

A

Inflammation of synovial sheath.

55
Q

What is an acute case of tenosynovitis?

A

Rapid onset, crepitus, and diffuse swelling.

56
Q

What is a chronic case of tenosynovitis?

A

Thickening of tendon with pain and crepitus.

57
Q

What treatment may be helpful for tensoynovitis?

A

Anti-inflammatory agents.

58
Q

What is a myofascial trigger point?

A

A discrete and hypersensitive nodule within tight band of muscle or fascia.

59
Q

What are myofascial trigger points a result of?

A

Acute trauma or microtrauma caused by mechanical stress.

60
Q

What is a latent trigger point?

A

A point that does not cause spontaneous pain, but may restrict movement or cause weakness. One is aware of the presence when pressure is applied.

61
Q

What is an active trigger point?

A

A point that causes pain at rest and upon pressure, it is found most commonly in muscles involved in postural support. It is a tender point vs. a trigger point.

62
Q

What is a contusion?

A

(A bruise) caused by a sudden blow, can be both deep and superficial.

63
Q

What does hematoma result from?

A

Blood and lymph flows into surrounding tissue.

64
Q

What can chronically inflamed contused tissue result in?

A

Generation of calcium deposits. Prevent through protecting contused area with padding.

65
Q

What is atrophy?

A

The wasting away of muscle due to immobilization, inactivity, or loss of nerve functioning.

66
Q

What is contracture?

A

Abnormal shortening of muscles where there is a great deal of resistance to passive stretch.

67
Q

What do contractures generally result from?

A

Muscle injury which impacts the joint and results in accumulation of scar tissue.

68
Q

What are ligament sprains a result of?

A

Traumatic joint twist that causes stretching or tearing of connective tissue.

69
Q

What is a grade one ligament sprain?

A

Some pain, minimal loss of function, no abnormal motion, mild point tenderness.

70
Q

What is a grade two ligament sprain?

A

Pain, moderate loss of function, swelling, and instability with tearing and separation of ligament fibers.

71
Q

What is a grade 3 ligament sprain?

A

Extremely painful, inevitable loss of function, severe instability and swelling, may also represent subluxation.

72
Q

What can ligament sprains result in?

A

Joint effusion and swelling, local temp increase, pain and point tenderness, ecchymosis.

73
Q

What is the greatest difficulty with grade one and two ligament sprains?

A

Restoring stability due to stretched tissue and inelastic scar tissue formation.

74
Q

After a ligament sprain what is key to regaining joint stability?

A

Strengthening of muscles around the joint.

75
Q

What is a subluxation?

A

Dislocation and relocation of bones, can be complete or incomplete.

76
Q

What are the most common joints to get dislocated?

A

Fingers and shoulders.

77
Q

What is common after a dislocation occurs?

A

For that joint to get dislocated again.

78
Q

What is important when a dislocation occurs?

A

To make sure there are no fractions that accompanied the dislocation, an X-ray is necessary.

79
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

Wearing of hyaline cartilage can lead to joint degeneration.

80
Q

Where is osteoarthritis most common?

A

Weight-bearing joints, but can also impact shoulders and cervical spine (neck).

81
Q

What are the symptoms of osteoarthritics?

A

Pain (resulting from friction), stiffness, prominent morning pain (synovial fluid hasn’t been produced yet), localized tenderness, creaking and grating.

82
Q

What are bursa?

A

fluid filled sacs that develop in areas of friction.

83
Q

What causes bursitis?

A

Sudden irritation can cause acute bursitis, while overuse and constant external compression can cause chronic bursitis. (Frequently happens to elbow if you whack on something)

84
Q

What are symptoms of bursitis?

A

Swelling, pain, some loss of function.

85
Q

What can bursitis turn into with repeated trauma?

A

Calcification and degeneration of internal bursa linings.

86
Q

What is capsulitis the result of?

A

Repeated joint trauma.

87
Q

When does synovitis occur?

A

Can occur acutely, but will also develop following mistreatment of a joint injury.

88
Q

What can chronic synovitis result in?

A

Edema, thickening of the synovial lining, exudation, and a fibrous underlying can develop.

89
Q

What are 4 types of bones?

A
  1. Flat bones (skull)
  2. Irregular bones (vertebrae)
  3. Short bones (wrist and ankle)
  4. Long bones (humerus)
90
Q

What are the 3 gross structures of bones?

A
  1. Diaphysis
  2. Epiphysis
  3. Periosteum
91
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

The hollow and cylindrical bone covered by compact bone. Medullary cavity contains yellow marrow and lined by endosteum.

92
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

Made up of cancellous bone and has hyaline cartilage covering. Provides areas for muscle attachment.

93
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

dense, white fibrous covering that penetrates the bone, contains blood vessels and osteoblasts.

94
Q

Where does growth in bones mainly occur?

A

At the ends of the bones.

95
Q

What can happen if a growth plate is broken or dislocated?

A

It can alter growth patterns and/or result in deformity of bone.

96
Q

What are 2 types of bone fractures?

A
  1. Open
  2. Closed
97
Q

What is an open fracture?

A

Involve displacement of the fractured ends and breaking through the surrounding tissue.

98
Q

What is a closed fracture?

A

Fractures with little movement or displacement.

99
Q

What are symptoms of fractures?

A

Deformity, pain, point tenderness, swelling, pain in active and passive movements with possible crepitus.

100
Q

What are 6 types of bone fractures?

A
  1. Greenstick
  2. Comminuted
  3. Linear
  4. Transverse, nondisplaced
  5. Oblique, nondisplaced
  6. Spiral
101
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

Like a splinter in the bone, where a part of the bone fractures apart, incomplete fracture.

102
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A

A fracture with shattering resulting from shearing with much displacement.

103
Q

What is a linear fraction?

A

Like a fisher running along the bone, not much displacement.

104
Q

What is a transverse fracture that is nondisplaced?

A

A fracture that runs perpendicular along the bone with no displacement.

105
Q

What is a oblique nondisplaced fracture?

A

A diagonal fracture that is perpendicular with no displacement.

106
Q

What is a spiral fracture?

A

A fracture with displacement caused by forces going in opposite directions, twisting the bone. Caused by torsion.

107
Q

Who are greenstick fractures common in?

A

Children because their bones are malleable.

108
Q

When you do an x-ray, what is one way to know there is a fracture?

A

A bend in a bone where there shouldn’t be a bend.

109
Q

What are functions of bones?

A
  1. Support the body
  2. Protect organs
  3. Movement
  4. Store calcium
  5. Form blood cells
110
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Cells that make bones.

111
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Cells that break down and reabsorb bone tissue.

112
Q

What happens when bones are at full size?

A

It maintains a state of balance between osteoblastic and osteo-clastic activity.

113
Q

What are long bones?

A

Strong bones that are longer than they are wide, less prone to injury.

114
Q

How does bones being cylindrical and hollow effect the use of bone?

A

It makes them very strong and resistant to bending and twisting.

115
Q

What are ways to load or stress a bone to failure?

A

Tension, compression, bending, twisting, or shearing.

116
Q

When does brittleness in bones increase?

A

When under tension forces, more than under compression.

117
Q

What are stress fractures?

A

small, incomplete fractures in bones.

118
Q

What are possible causes of stress fractures?

A

Overload due to muscle contraction, altered stress distribution due to muscle fatigue, changes in surface, and rhythmic repetitive stress vibrations.

119
Q

What are symptoms of stress fractures?

A

Focal tendern

120
Q
A

Injuries (1 decks)

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