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microbiology chapter 9 > chapter 9 > Flashcards

chapter 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

controlling microbes is

A

controlling our degree of exposure to potentially harmful microbes

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2
Q

4 methods of microbial control used outside of the body are

A

sterilization, disinfection, decontamination/sanitization, & antisepsis/degermation

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3
Q

sterilization

A

process that destroys or removes all viable microorganisms (including viruses)

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4
Q

examples of agents (sterilization)

A

heat, and sterilants

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5
Q

disinfection

A

is the killing or removal of microorganisms that may cause disease.

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6
Q

examples of agents (disinfection)

A

bleach, iodine, & heat boiling

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7
Q

decontamination/sanitization

A

cleansing technique that mechanically removes microorganisms as well as other debris to reduce contamination to safe levels.

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8
Q

examples of agents (decontamination/sanitization)

A

soaps/detergents & commercial dishwashers

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9
Q

antisepsis/degermation

A

reduces the number of microbes on the human skin, a form of degermation but on living tissues.

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10
Q

examples of agents (antisepsis/degermation)

A

alcohol & surgical hand scrubs

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11
Q

chemotherapy

A

is the use of chemicals to kill or inhibit growth of microbes within host tissue

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12
Q

biocides

A

are what all agents use to control microbes.

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13
Q

bactericide

A

a chemical that destroys bacteria (except for those in the endospore stage)

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14
Q

fungicide

A

a chemical that can kill fungal spores, hyphae, and yeast.

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15
Q

virucide

A

a chemical that inactivates viruses, especially on living tissues.

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16
Q

sporicide

A

an agent capable of destroying bacterial endospores

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17
Q

static agents

A

agents that do not kill but instead inhibit growth!

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18
Q

germicide and microbicide

A

chemical agents that kill microorganisms.

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19
Q

sepsis

A

is the growth of microorganisms in the blood and other tissues.

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20
Q

asepsis

A

is a practice that prevents the entry of infectious agents into a sterile environment (or tissues), preventing infection.

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21
Q

antiseptic techniques

A

sterile methods that exclude all microbes to antisepsis

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22
Q

antisepsis

A

are applied directly to exposed body surfaces; wounds, surgical incisions in order to destroy or inhibit pathogens.

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23
Q

bacteristatic

A

agents that prevent the growth of bacteria on tissues or on objects in the environment.

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24
Q

fungistatic

A

chemicals that inhibit fungal growth.

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25
Q

critical medical devices

A

are devices expected to come into contact with sterile tissues

26
Q

semicritical devices

A

are devices that come into contact with mucosal membranes

27
Q

noncritical devices

A

are devices that do not touch the patient or only expected to touch intact skin– these require disinfection (only)

28
Q

selective agents

A

tend to target only a single cellular component and are much more effective against the widest range of microbes.

29
Q

antimicrobials

A

have a range of cellular targets, inflicting damage progressively until the cell is no longer able to survive.

30
Q

agents target the ______ by blocking its synthesis or destroying it.

A

cell wall

31
Q

agents target the _________ by disrupting the lipid bilayer, allowing damaging chemicals to enter the cell and important ions to exit the cell.

A

cytoplasmic membrane

32
Q

agents target _____________ interrupt the synthesis of proteins via ribosomes.

A

cellular processes

33
Q

agents target _________ by denaturing them, breaking protein bonds, protein structure.

A

proteins

34
Q

moist heat (boiling water)

A

DISINFECTION
destroys bacterial cells & viruses.
degrades enzymes, proteins, and nucleic acids.
disrupts cell membranes.

35
Q

the temperature of moist heat usually ranges from

A

60-100 degrees celsius

36
Q

exposure to boiling water for 30 minutes destroys ________ cells, but not ________ spores.

A

vegetative, bacterial

37
Q

autoclave

A

an instrument for sterilizing objects using stem and pressure

38
Q

pasteurization

A

a technique using heat in a controlled manner, commonly used on heat sensitive liquids (milk, wine)

39
Q

dry heat

A

STERILIZATION
hot or an open flame
dehydrates the cell

40
Q

dry heat is _____ effective than moist heat.

A

less

41
Q

thermal death time (TDT)

A

is the shortest length of time required to kill all microbes are a specific temperature

42
Q

thermal death point (TDP)

A

is the lowest temperature required to kill all microbes in a sample in a given time (usually 10 minutes)

43
Q

dry heat temperatures are

A

150-180 degree celsius

44
Q

radiation

A

is energy emitted from atomic activities and dispersed at high velocity through matter or space.

45
Q

UV radiation

A

lethal form of radiation
has limited uses
cannot penetrate glass, limited for water

46
Q

gamma radiation and x rays

A

destroys endospores and vegetative cells.
highly effective alternative for sterilizing materials that are sensitive to heat or chemicals.

47
Q

filtration

A

an effective method to remove microbes from air and liquids,

48
Q

osmotic pressure

A

adding large amounts of salts or sugars to food to create a hypertonic environment for bacteria

49
Q

3 levels of antimicrobial properties

A

high level agents
intermediate level agents
low level agents

50
Q

high level agents

A

kill endospores
considered sterilant

51
Q

intermediate level agents

A

kill fungal (but NOT bacterial) spores, resistant pathogens and viruses

52
Q

low level agents

A

eliminate only vegetative bacteria, vegetative fungi, some viruses

53
Q

oxidizing agents

A

ex. HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
kill endospores and all other microbes.
used as an antiseptic

54
Q

aldehydes

A

ex. GLUTARALDEHYDE
chemical sterilant that is sporicidal and kills all other microbes.
used to sterilize respiratory equipment; dental instruments.

55
Q

sterilizing gas

A

ethylene oxide gas blocks DNA replication and denature enxymes
used to sterilize heat sensitive things; petri dishes, catheters.

56
Q

phenol/phenolics

A

used as an disinfectant.
kills some bacteria; viruses and fungi
acts by denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membrane, inactivates enzymes.

57
Q

advantages of phenol/phenolics

A

its effective long after its application

58
Q

disadvantages of phenol/phenolics

A

its odor and irritation on the skin

59
Q

alcohols

A

50-80% concentration–most effective
bactericidal, fungicidal but no sporicidal
95% will cause coagulation of surface/cell wall proteins and prevent passage of alcohol into the cell.

60
Q

heavy metals (hg, silver, zinc, cu)

A

used against some bacteria, viruses, fungi.
not a sporicidal agent

microbiology chapter 9 (2 decks)

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