Chapter 9

Question 1

Antisepsis

Answer 1

Reduction in the number of microorganisms
and viruses, particularly potential pathogens, on living tissue

Question 2

Aseptic

Answer 2

Refers to an environment or procedure free of pathogenic contaminants

Question 3

-cide
-cidal

Answer 3

Suffixes indicating destruction of a type of microbe

Question 4

Degerming

Answer 4

Removal of microbes by mechanical means

Question 5

Disinfection

Answer 5

Destruction of most microorganisms and viruses on nonliving tissue

Question 6

Pasteurization

Answer 6

Use of heat to destroy pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage microorganisms in foods and beverages

Question 7

Sanitization

Answer 7

Sanitization
Removal of pathogens from objects to meet public health standards

Question 8

-stasis
-static

Answer 8

-stasis
-static
Suffixes indicating inhibition but not complete
destruction of a type of microbe

Question 9

Sterilization

Answer 9

Destruction of all microorganisms and viruses in or on an object

Question 10

Microbial death

Answer 10

Permanent loss of reproductive ability under ideal environment conditions

Question 11

Microbial death rate

Answer 11

Often constant for a microorganism under particular set of conditions

Question 12

Alteration of cell walls and membranes

Answer 12

Cell wall maintains integrity of cell
Cells burst due to osomotic effects when damaged
Cytoplasmic membrane contains cytoplasm and controls passage of chemicals into and out of cell
Cellular contents leak out when damaged
Nonenveloped viruses have greater tolerance of harsh conditions

Question 13

Damage to proteins and nucleic acids:

Answer 13

Protein function depends on 3-D shape
Extreme heat or certain chemicals denature proteins
Chemicals, radiation, and heat can alter or destroy nucleic acids
Produce fatal mutants
Agents that interfere with nucleic acids also stop protein synthesis

Question 14

Ideally, agents for the control of microbes should be:

Answer 14

Inexpensive
Fast-acting
Stable during storage
Capable of controlling microbial growth while being harmless to humans, animals , and objects

Question 15

3 Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Antimicrobial Methods

Answer 15

Nature of sites to be treated
Degree of susceptibility of microbes involved
Environmental conditions (Temperature and pH
Organic materials)

Question 16

High-level germicides

Answer 16

Kill all pathogens, including endospores

Question 17

Intermediate-level germicides

Answer 17

Kill fungal spores, protozoan cysts, viruses, and pathogenic bacteria

Question 18

Low-level germicides

Answer 18

Kill vegetative bacteria, fungi, fungi, protozoa and some viruses

Question 19

Biosafety Level 1 (B S L-1)

Answer 19

Handling pathogens that do not cause disease in healthy humans

Question 20

Biosafety Level 2 (B S L-2)

Answer 20

Handling moderately hazardous agents

Question 21

Biosafety Level 3 (B S L-3)

Answer 21

Handling microbes safety cabinets

Question 22

Biosafety Level 4 (B S L-4)

Answer 22

Handling microbes that cause severe or fatal disease

Question 23

Effects of high temperatures

Answer 23

Denature proteins
Interfere with integrity of cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall
Disrupt structure and function of nucleic acids

Question 24

Thermal death point

Answer 24

Lowest temperature that kills cells in broth in 10 minutes