Chapter 9

Question 1

Unclear language includes

Answer 1

Vagueness, Ambiguity, Confused Prediction

Question 2

Vagueness is

Answer 2

When you’re unsure if something applies.

Example: “rich” or “tall”

Question 3

Ambiguity is

Answer 3

When a word has multiple meanings

Example: Star (Far off sun or famous person?)

Question 4

Confused predictions is

Answer 4

Thinking something that applies to one thing applies to another just because they’re connected.

Ex. Each part of a computer uses little energy, so a computer uses little energy.

Question 5

Vagueness includes

Answer 5

Heap paradox and Slippery slope

Question 6

Ambiguity includes

Answer 6

Equivocation and Amphiboly

Question 7

Confused Predictions include

Answer 7

Composition and Division

Question 8

Heap paradox is

Answer 8

Argument with true premises because of vague terms, end with false conclusions.

Eg. 1 sand ≠ Heap. If 1 ≠ Heap, then 2 ≠ heap…….. A large number of sand ≠ heap

Question 9

Slippery-Slope fallacy is

Answer 9

An argument that starts with a harmless premise that moves through similar scenarios till its harmful.

Ex. What my head does. Bad test to bad grade to bad job to bad life.

Question 10

Equivocation is

Answer 10

Same word with different meanings used.

“Reserved customers only” means for customers who reserved the spot, not calm customers.

Question 11

Amphiboly

Answer 11

Awkward construction of sentences

“My arm hurts in two places” “don’t go to those places!”

Question 12

Composition

Answer 12

Because parts have quality, whole has quality

Every player on a team is excellent, so team must be excellent (team may be disorganized)

Question 13

Division

Answer 13

Whole has quality, so all parts must have quality

Whole car is heavy, so every car part must be heavy.