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Psychology 102 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does the word Intelligence stem from

A

intelligere (latin, to understand)

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2
Q

T/F Psychologists can agree on one definition of what constitutes intelligence

A

False

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3
Q

What was Boring’s definition of Intelligence?

A

Intelligence is whatever the intelligence test measures

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4
Q

Who proposed the theory of sensory capacity as it relates to intelligence?

A

Sir Francis Galton

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5
Q

What was Sir Galton’s Theory?
Was it plausible? State your evidence via research results?

A

intelligence stems from sensory capacity, people with better senses acquire more knowledge

Research showed:
- different sensory capacities only weakly related to each other
- measure of sensory ability not highly related to intelligence

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6
Q

Who developed the first intelligence test? Describe this test.

A

1905, Binet and Simon, focused on higher mental processing (judgment, reasoning, understanding)

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7
Q

What can most agree intelligence is related to as a function of Binet and Simon’s 1905 Intelligence Test?

A

Intelligence is related to the capacity to understand theoretical concepts (abstract thinking)

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8
Q

What led to the development of Spearman’s theory? What was this theory?

A

Positive correlations among all items on IQ tests led to Spearman’s development of g and s

General intelligence (g): overall difference in intellect among people

One’s skills are a reflection of their specific abilities (s)

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9
Q

Who came up with the concept of g and s?

A

Spearman

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10
Q

Who developed the theory of crystallized and fluid intelligence? What is it?

A

Cattell and Horn
capacity to learn new ways of solving problems: fluid intelligence
accumulated knowledge acquired from over time about world = crystallized intelligence

Fluid intelligence flows into crystallized intelligence over time

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11
Q

Cattell and Horn developed what theory

A

theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence

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12
Q

What theory did Gardner introduce? What is it? With what proof?

A

frames of mind: there are various ways of thinking about world, autistics savants served as proof of different types of intelligence

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13
Q

Who developed the theory of frames of mind? What are the 8 domains?

A

Gardner,

linguistic, musical, logico-mathematical, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, bodily-kinesthetic,

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14
Q

To what extent does the scientific community support the theory of frames of mind?

A
  • mixed
    not clear why some abilities are defined as intelligence while other’s don’t

no good evidence that intelligences are truly independent

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15
Q

Who developed the triarchic model? What was it?

A

Sternberg: theorized there are 3 distinct types of intelligence (practical, analytical, creative)

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16
Q

According to Sternberg, does having one intelligence ensure you have others?

A

No

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17
Q

Describe the 3 domains of intelligence as outlined by Sternberg

A

Analytical: ability to logically reason (book smarts)

Practical: ability to solve real world problems (street smarts)

Creative (ability to generate novel and effective answers)

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18
Q

Is the triarchic model perfect? Why or why not.

A

has weaknesses

practical intelligence not independent of g

Causal relationship b/w job performance and practical intelligence

we all have strengths and weaknesses, might not be as distinct as theorized

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19
Q

What is the relationship b/w brain size and intelligence?

A

they are moderately positively correlated (0.3 adn 0.4)

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20
Q

What is the issue with saying that people with larger brains will always be more intelligent?

A

Correlation doesn’t c= causation

cerebral cortex development is slower in gifted children

Albert Einstein had small brain

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21
Q

Intelligence may reflect what form of efficiency?

A

efficiency of mental processing

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22
Q

What is closely related to intelligence

A

working memory

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23
Q

What does the tetris experiment demonsrate

A

persons with higher intelligence show quicker reaction times and less overall brain activity

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24
Q

What part of the brain is especially involved in general intelligence tasks? Is this the only part of the brain that is important to intelligence?

A

Prefrontal cortex, no

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25
Q

T/F speed of information processing is somewhat related to intelligence

A

False, it is entirely related to intelligence

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26
Q

Why can/can’t we ask people how smart they are?

A

Can’t b/c self reports correlate 0.2-0.3 with objective measures of intelligence
double curse of incompetence and metacognitive skills

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27
Q

What was Lewis Terman’s contribution to the IQ discourse?

A

established a set of norms baselined from general population from which individual scores can be compared

Developed Stanford-Binet IQ test

28
Q

Who developed the Stanford-Binet IQ test?

A

Lewis Terman

29
Q

What did Wilherm Stern invent?

A

Invented formula for IQ (mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100)

30
Q

Who developed the IQ formula

A

Stern

31
Q

What do modern researchers use when calculating IQ?

A

a stat called deviation IQ” expression of persons IQ relative to peers of same age group

32
Q

T/F modern IQ tests use a deviation IQ that accounts for age effects

A

false, only for children

33
Q

Describe historic social consequences to IQ testing

A

1935 Sterilization laws in the US, impacted immigration policy

led to eugenic movement

34
Q

What is a commonly used IQ test for adults? What is its makeup?

A

WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale)

15 subtests that give scores in five domains

35
Q

What are the 5 domains of WAIS

A

Overall IQ

Working memory

processing speed

verbal comprehension

Perceptual reasoning

36
Q

What are commonly used childhood IQ tests? What are the age restrictions for either?

A

WISC (Wechsler intelligence scale for children) - older children, adolescents

WPPSI (Wechsler Primary and Pre-school Scale of intelligence) 2.5 - 7 years old

37
Q

What are culture fair IQ tests? Provide an example and describe how it works.

A

Tests that don’t depend on language

Raven’s Progressive Matrices (which is final pattern in series)

38
Q

What are SAT’s? How do they correlate to IQ

A

tests that test overall competence in specific domain to predict academic success

correlates highly (0.7-0.8) with IQ

39
Q

What are the reliability of IQ scores?

A

IQ scores = stable in adulthood

IQ scores = not stable in childhood, especially before age 3

40
Q

What are the validity of IQ scores?

A

Moderately successful at predicting grades (success depends on motivation, effort, mental energy, intellectual curiosity)

predicts job performance, is associated with health literacy

41
Q

What characterizes intellectual disability?

A

childhood onset of low IQ, Less than 70 points, and inability to function on daily basis

Around 1 % of males in US

Four levels: mild, moderate, severe, profound

42
Q

T/F the more severe the intellectual disability to more likely it is to run in families

A

false, the more severe, the less likely

43
Q

What are the causes of Intellectual disability? What has changed the lives of individuals with intellectual disabilities?

A

over 200 causes (fragile X syndrome and down syndrome)

ADA and CHRC policies

44
Q

What is mental giftedness?

A

top 2% of IQ scores

Large portion occupy certain professions (doctor, engineer, lawyer, professor)

45
Q

What was Terman’s contribution to the psych field?

A

Terman’s termites: study of gifted schoolchildren debunked myth that mental giftedness leads to insanity or burn out in adulthood

46
Q

What have twin and adoption studies demonstrated regarding IQ?

A

Tendency for IQ to run in families, evidence of environmental influence

high levels of environmental deprivation may swamp out effect of genes

Identical twin studies: IQ correlates by 0.7-0.8, fraternal: 0.3-0.4

twins reared apart are similar in IQ to those reared together

47
Q

Describe some influences beyond genetic influence that alter IQ

A

Schooling is related to high IQ scores

poor nutrition and poverty related to IQ

Those who believe IQ is fixed take less risks, children from larger families have slightly lower IQ than those from smaller families

48
Q

What is the validity of Head Start Programs

A

Exert short term influence on IQ, prevent high school drop out rates + being held back in school

49
Q

What is the expectancy effect?

A

positive reinforcement from teachers on particular student they view as gifted results in small impact on IQ

50
Q

What is the Flynn Effect?

A

IQ has been rising by 3 points every decade, researchers are unsure why but have 4 theories:

  • increased test sophistication
  • Increase complexity of modern world
  • Better nutrition
  • Change in school and family
51
Q

Discuss the following: IQ tests are biased against certain groups

A

This is a myth

Research shows IQ tests aren’t biased, different groups performing better or worse on a given test may simply mean that there are differences in traits being assessed

trick: focus on test’s validity

52
Q

How are poverty and IQ related? What test and by whom supports this?

A

Jensen’s cumulative deficit study (lack of proper nutrition and exposure to led may lead to lower IQs)

Scientific controversy on impact of breastfeeding on IQ

53
Q

Are there differences in IQ amongst men and women? Why/ Why not

A

little evidence of overall sex differences in I!
Men are more variable in IQ scores and tend to excel more at spatial tasks and mental rotation (geography)

Women do better at recognizing emotions in others and verbal tasks

Most differences appear to be environmental because infants show few or no differences

54
Q

Can stereotypes influence IQ? Why/why not

A

yes, stereotype threat.

those who attempt to avoid negative stereotypes will fulfill them

55
Q

Describe some racial differences in IQ scores

A

African Americans and Hispanic American score lower than caucasians
Asian americans score higher than Caucasians

Jews score slightly higher than non-jews

56
Q

Discuss: Racial superiority explains IQ differences

A

False: differences are completely environmental in origin

(IQ differences are shrinking, substantial overlap in IQ distribution)

Ex: two groups of plants, one is deprived, other is not

57
Q

Differences between groups are due to_____ whereas differences within groups are due to ____

A

environment, genetics

58
Q

Can stereotype threat be activated in the lab? Can they be generalized to real world?

A

Yes, No

59
Q

What is convergent thinking? DIvergent?

A

Convergent: capacity to generate single best answer to a problem

Divergent: capacity to generate many different solution to problem (uses of an object)

60
Q

Does creativity correlate with IQ?

A

Mildly (0.2 - 0.3)

Evidence of link b/w creativity and bipolar disorder

61
Q

The best predictor of quality of work is…

A

quantity of work

62
Q

What is emotional intelligence?

A

ability to understand our own emotions and those of others and apply info to daily lives

63
Q

Does emotional intelligence predict job performance beyond general IQ

A

no

64
Q

Why isn’t intelligence alone not sufficient for success in life?

A

You require grit: perseverance and passion to achieve goal

Grit predicts academic success beyond IQ

65
Q

Grit has been theorized to be the equivalent to ____

A

conscientiousness

66
Q

What us wisdom

A

application of intelligence toward common goal (must appreciate alternate points of view)

Psychology 102 (2 decks)

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