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Bio 341 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid __________.

A

is reabsorbed by the venous system and is the interstitial fluid of the CNS

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2
Q

Which of these lists contains the proper sequence of cerebral cortex regions from anterior to posterior?

A

prefrontal, premotor, primary motor, primary somatosensory, sensory association, visual association, primary visual

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3
Q

In order from superior to inferior, the ventricular system consists of the __________.

A

lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle, central canal

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4
Q

Which of the following cranial nerves would be classified as a mixed nerve (i.e., has both efferent and afferent functions)?

A

vagus

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5
Q

Which of these structures consists exclusively of white matter and connects the cerebral hemispheres?

A

The corpus callosum

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6
Q

The spinal nerves are __________.

A

Efferent, Afferent, Autonomic

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7
Q

The innermost layer of meninges, resting directly on the nervous tissue, is called the _________.

A

pia mater

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8
Q

From dorsal to ventral, the anatomical organization of the gray matter in the spinal cord is __________.

A

somatosensory function is most dorsal, motor function is most ventral, and autonomic function is located between them

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9
Q

The cell body (soma) of a somatic sensory neuron is located in the ____________.

A

Dorsal root ganglion

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10
Q

Pyramidal tracts __________.

A

Most cross the midline of the medulla oblongata, originate in the motor cortex, control fine movements of the extremities.

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11
Q

The ventral horn of the spinal cord contains __________.

A

cell bodies of efferent neurons

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12
Q

From superior to inferior, which of the following lists is the correct anatomical arrangement of the components of the central nervous system?

A

cerebrum, diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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13
Q

The three layers of membrane that lie between the bones and tissues of the central nervous system are called the __________. The __________ is the thick layer.

A

meninges; dura mater

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14
Q

The dorsal columns consist of ascending tracts. This means that they convey _____________.

A

Information to the brain

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15
Q

Which of these lists contains the proper sequence of spinal cord regions from top of the spinal cord to the bottom?

A

Cervical -> thoracic -> lumbar -> sacral

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16
Q

The primary auditory cortex is located in the __________ lobe.

A

Temporal

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17
Q

The type of glial cells that modulate and maintain synaptic activity is(are) __________.

A

Astrocytes

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18
Q

Cranial nerves that control eye movements include the __________.

A

abducens, oculomotor, and trochlear

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19
Q

The basal ganglia (nuclei) play an important role in controlling movement. They are located in the ___________.

A

forebrain

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20
Q

The brain stem ________.

A

has nuclei located throughout it that are associated with reticular formation

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21
Q

Which of the following substances can cross the blood-brain barrier by simple diffusion?

A

carbon dioxide, ethanol, and estrogen

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22
Q

The cerebellum receives input from the __________.

A

cortex, spinal cord, and the basal nuclei

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23
Q

The cerebellum receives input from the __________.

A

cortex, spinal cord, and the basal nuclei

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24
Q

The cortex of the temporal lobe contains ______________.

A

olfactory cortex, primary auditory cortex, auditory association cortex, Wernicke’s area

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25
Q

Because of brain lateralization, the left brain is generally associated with __________.

A

sensory perception on the right side of the body.

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26
Q

Our higher brain functions (such as reasoning) arise within the __________, the outer layer of the cerebrum where neurons are arranged in anatomically distinct horizontal layers and functionally distinct vertical columns.

A

Cortical gray matter

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27
Q

The neurotransmitter associated with the feeling of euphoria and pleasure produced by substances such as alcohol and nicotine is __________.

A

Dopamine

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28
Q

The __________ is the integrating and relay station for sensory and motor information.

A

Thalamus

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29
Q

Functions of the hypothalamus include __________.

A
  • tropic hormone release
  • regulation of body temperature
  • regulation of eating and drinking
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30
Q

Our ability to remain awake and conscious is controlled by the ______________, which uses the neurotransmitter ______________.

A

reticular activating system; norepinephrine

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31
Q

An “aphasia” is a(n)____________.

A

loss of the ability to understand and/or produce language

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32
Q

Recalling the phone number of your best friend in grade school involves what type(s) of memory?

A

Declarative and long-term

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33
Q

Imagine that you’ve just moved to a new town, and you are trying to find your way to work for the second time. Along the way, you make a couple of wrong turns and then miss your exit. Two weeks later, your ability to get to work no longer requires much conscious thought. What functional process of memory is taking place here?

A

Consolidation

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34
Q

Pavlov’s dogs learned that the ringing of a bell meant food via __________.

A

Associative learning

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35
Q

Pavlov’s dogs learned that the ringing of a bell meant food via __________.

A

Associative learning

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36
Q

Brain areas associated with emotion include the __________.

A

cerebral cortex, limbic system, and hypothalamus

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37
Q

Lillie’s automobile is hit at an angle on the freeway by another car. On impact, her head slams into the window, causing her to black out. The ER physician later determines that she has received a major injury to her cerebellum, a part of the hindbrain, due to the whiplash. Knowing what you do about the cerebellum, choose the symptom(s) Lillie will most likely experience.

A

Problems with eye-hand coordination, such as writing a simple note, and inability to precisely follow an object moving through her field of vision

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38
Q

Wakefulness is associated with what types of EEG waves?

A

Alpha and beta

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39
Q

Which of the following describes cerebral (brain) lateralization?

A

Particular brain functions are dominant on one side of the brain compared to the other side.

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40
Q

Functions or attributes associated with the frontal lobe include __________.

A

motor movement, language, and personality

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41
Q

An important structure where the process of long-term potentiation occurs in both memory and learning is the __________.

A

the hippocampus

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42
Q

The premotor cortex (motor association area) plays an important role in __________.

A

integrating information from sensory and motor areas and coordinating voluntary movements

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43
Q

All sensory information is relayed through the thalamus except __________.

A

olfactory (sense of smell)

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44
Q

Which of the following are components of a reflex (reflex arc)?

A 
Efferent (motor) neuron
Integrating center (CNS)
Afferent (sensory) neuron
Sensory receptor
Effector (muscles or glands)
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45
Q

The functions of the cerebellum include __________.

A

balance and feedback to motor systems

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46
Q

The crossed-extensor reflex is __________.

A
  • Somatic
  • Spinal
  • Polysynaptic
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47
Q

Imagine that you move into an apartment by the train tracks and the trains run at night. After a couple of weeks, the train noise no longer wakes you up in the night. This would be an example of_________.

A

Habituation

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48
Q

Patterns of activity that follow a 24-hour light-dark cycle are referred to as __________ rhythms.

A

Circadian

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49
Q

Which of the following are characteristics of slow-wave sleep (SWS)?

A

Individuals adjust their body position independent of brain commands, and muscle tone is moderate.

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50
Q

If you touch a hot stove, quickly pull your hand away, and then say “ouch!”, this reflex must be __________.

A

spinal and somatic

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51
Q

As you focus on the words in this question, you are primarily using your __________.

A

cones and fovea

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52
Q

Put the following structures in the correct order, as visual information moves from the retina to the brain:

a) optic chiasm
b) visual cortex
c) optic radiations
d) ganglion cells
e) optic nerve
f) lateral geniculate body

A

d, e, a, f, c, b

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53
Q

Which of the following statements about the olfactory sense is true?

A
  • The current understanding of olfaction suggests that each olfactory receptor cell responds to only one odorant.
  • The odor perceived is based on the pattern of activity produced by many olfactory receptor neurons.
  • The neural pathway for olfaction shows convergence at the level of the mitral cell and the odor perdeived is based on the pattern of activity produced by many olfactory receptor neurons.
  • The neural pathway for olfaction shows convergence at the level of the mitral cell.
  • The current understanding of olfaction suggests that each olfactory receptor cell respons to only one odorant and the odor perceived is based on the pattern of activity produced by many olfactory receptor neurons.
54
Q

A high-pitched sound is also a high-__________ sound.

A

high frequency

55
Q

The blind spot of the eye is __________.

A

where the optic nerve exits the eye

56
Q

The bones of the middle ear include all of the following except the __________.

A

mastoid

56
Q

The bones of the middle ear include all of the following except the __________.

A

mastoid

57
Q

The light-absorbing portion of the photoreceptor visual pigments is a derivative of the compound __________.

A

retinal

57
Q

The light-absorbing portion of the photoreceptor visual pigments is a derivative of the compound __________.

A

retinal

58
Q

Which of the following is true about cones?

  • They can detect a single photon of light.
  • All answers are incorrect.
  • They are easily saturated by photons.
  • They are most sensitive to light in the blue-green range.
A

All answers are incorrect.

59
Q

Which of the following statements is(are) true?

  • Each taste receptor can detect only one type of taste and salty tastes are produced by Na+ ions.
  • The signal transduction mechanism for all four tastes either directly or indirectly involves calcium.
  • The signal transduction mechanism for all four tastes either directly or indirectly involves calcium and salty tastes are produced by Na+ ions.
  • Salty tastes are produced by Na+ ions.
  • Sour tastes are produced by Cl- ions.
  • Each taste receptor can detect only one type of taste.
A

The signal transduction mechanism for all four tastes either directly or indirectly involves calcium and salty tastes are produced by Na+ ions

60
Q

__________ light from objects reaching our retinas is perceived.

A

Emitted, reflected, and refracted

61
Q

If the endolymph inside your anterior semicircular/superior canals were moving, you would have the sensation that your head is moving __________.

A

up and down (as in nodding yes)

62
Q

In the visual pathway __________.

A

the right visual field is topographically mapped onto the left visual cortex

63
Q

In the inner ear __________.

A

the louder the sound, the more potassium channels open in the hair cells associated with the pitch of the sound and the pitch of a sound is coded by the location of the hair cells which response to a sound wave of a particular frequency

64
Q

Which of the following is not one of the special senses?

A

Touch

65
Q

List the Special Senses

A 
Taste (gustation)
Hearing
Vision
Smell (olfaction)
Equilibrium
66
Q

The eye contains all of the following cone types except __________.

A

Yellow Cones

67
Q

Which of the following structures is/are associated with hearing?

A

Helicotrema

68
Q

Which of the following conditions occurs within photoreceptors in the dark?

A

High cGMP levels

69
Q

The semicircular canals detect __________ of the head

A

Rotational movements and rotational acceleration

70
Q

The lens focuses light on the photoreceptor cells by __________.

A

Changing shape: rounding up or flattening out

71
Q

Within the retina __________.

A

Convergence of synaptic input is greater at the periphery of the retina and ganglion cells can detect color and contrast (center versus surround)

72
Q

Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system produces __________.

A

Accommodations

72
Q

Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system produces __________.

A

Accommodations

73
Q

Which type(s) of taste molecules (tastants) block potassium channels leading to depolarization of the cell?

A

Bitter

74
Q

Which of the following statements about blindness is(are) true?

A

It is more prominent in males and the most common type of color blindness is red-green

75
Q

Put the following structures involved in the neural pathway for sound in the correct order, starting from the inner ear:

a. cochlear nucleus
b. afferent neuron
c. hair cell
d. auditory cortex
e. medial geniculate body

A

c, b, a, e, d

Hair cell, Afferent neuron, Cochlear nucleus, Medial geniculate body, auditory cortex

76
Q

The conversion of stimulus energy into information that can be processed by the nervous system is called __________. Each sensory receptor has a(n) __________, a particular form of energy to which it is most responsive. The minimum stimulus level required to activate a receptor is called the __________.

A

Transduction; adequate stimulus; threshold

77
Q

The perception of scalding hot water on the skin may involve which types of receptors?

A

Nociceptors and cold receptors

78
Q

The phenomenon of referred pain is due to the fact that _________.

A

second-order neurons receive information from both somatic and visceral afferents and the brain interprets new sensory information based on past sensory experience

79
Q

Sensory receptors that are slowly adapting that respond for the duration of the stimulus are __________ receptors while those that rapidly adapt to a constant stimulus and then turn off are ___________ receptors.

A

Tonic; phasic

80
Q

The vestibular nuclei receive input from the _________.

A

Joint position receptors, visual system, and somatosensory system.

81
Q

The tertiary neuron in somatosensory pathways delivers information between which two structures?

A

Thalamus to postcentral gyrus.

82
Q

__________ carry information about movement, location, and depth perception; __________ transmit signals that pertain to color, form, and texture of objects in the visual field.

A

M cells, P cells

83
Q

The __________ is the part of the brain that recognizes where ascending somatosensory tracts originate.

A

Somatosensory cortex

84
Q

Which of the following statements about somatosensory pathways is(are) not true?

A

Information about pressure and joint/limb location remains ipsilateral until the thalamus and the cell bodies of first-order somatosensory neurons are located in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

85
Q

Chemoreceptors __________.

A

Respond to chemical ligands that bind to a cell membrane receptor

86
Q

The specific neural pathways that transmit information pertaining to a specific sensory modality are called __________.

A

Labeled lines

87
Q

The specific neural pathways that transmit information pertaining to a specific sensory modality are called __________.

A

Labeled lines

88
Q

What type of receptor would be sensitive to changes in the oxygen concentration or pH of the blood?

A

Chemoreceptors

89
Q

Which of the following increases acuity?

A

More receptive field, overlapping receptive fields, and lateral inhibition

90
Q

The types of receptors found in the somatosensory system include __________.

A
  • Thermoreceptor
  • Nociceptors
  • Mechanoreceptors
91
Q

The somatic senses __________.

A

Involve receptors that consist of a neuron with naked free nerve endings or ones with nerve endings encased in connective tissue capsules

92
Q

Receptors that are sensitive to changes in pressure, cell stretch, vibrations, accelerations, and sounds are called __________.

A

Mechanoreceptors

93
Q

How will a neuron convey information about a sensory signal that has increased in intensity?

A

increase the frequency of the action potentials delivered

94
Q

Which of the following is true about stimulus coding?

a) Stimulus location can be precisely coded by one afferent neuron.
(b) Stimulus intensity can be coded by frequency of action potentials.
(c) Stimulus intensity can be coded by the amplitude of the receptor potential.
(d) All of the above are correct.

A
  • Stimulus intensity can be coded by the frequency of action potentials. Stimulus intensity can be coded by the amplitude of the receptor potential.
95
Q

The conversion of the energy in a stimulus into a change in membrane potential in sensory cells is called __________.

A

Transduction

96
Q

The direction of a sound is determined by comparing the ___________ on each side of the brain.

A

Timing of the input sound signal

97
Q

Reducing the intensity of a painful stimulus may involve __________.

A

Stimulation of AB fibers

98
Q

If you stimulate a sensory neuron for 2 seconds with a light touch, and then again for 10 seconds with the same intensity touch, what would you expect to observe from the sensory neuron?

A

an increase in the duration of the action potentials delivered

99
Q

Why does rubbing your skin after receiving a painful stimulus often result in a feeling as though the pain has been lessened?

A

It is hypothesized that inhibitory interneurons are activated by the collaterals of an activated neuron associated with a mechanoreceptor from the skin. The gate control theory of pain modulation may account for this phenomenon

100
Q

A stimulus is applied to the back of your hand, which results in the activation of two sensory neurons. The stimulus is applied a second time but this time it activates five sensory receptors because this new stimulus is stronger. The recruitment of sensory neurons is known as __________.

A

Population coding

101
Q

Afferent signals from nociceptors produce what type of sensation?

A

Pain and itching

102
Q

The major neurotransmitters/neurohormones of the autonomic nervous system are __________.

A

Acetylcholine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

103
Q

Similarities between autonomic neuroeffector synapses and the neuromuscular junction include __________.

A

the presence of enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase or monoamine oxidase and the requirement for calcium to produce transmitter release

104
Q

The widespread effects of the sympathetic nervous system during the fight or flight response throughout the body is due to the fact that __________.

A
  • a given preganglionic neuron may synapse with postganglionic neurons in other ganglia of the sympathetic chain
  • the catecholamines released from the adrenal glands function as hormones
  • each preganglionic neuron synapses with several postganglionic neurons and the catecholamines released from the adrenal glands function as hormones
  • each preganglionic neuron synapses with several postganglionic neurons
  • the catecholamines released from the adrenal glands function as hormones and a given preganglionic neuron may synapse with postganglionic neurons in other ganglia of the sympathetic chain
105
Q

CNS areas that are involved in the control of autonomic functions include the __________.

A

Spinal cord, Hypothalamus, and pons

106
Q

The binding of acetylcholine to muscarinic receptors causes __________.

A

G protein activation

107
Q

During strenuous exercise, which of the following are likely to be more active?

A

Sympathetic nervous system and somatic nervous system

108
Q

Drugs to treat asthma attacks might include _________.

A

Alpha antagonist and Beta antagonist

109
Q

In the autonomic nervous system, acetylcholine is released by _______.

A

All preganglionic sympathetic neurons, all preganglionic parasympathetic neurons, and all postganglionic.

110
Q

Which of the following organs is/are controlled by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system

A
  • Pancreas
  • Heart
  • Urinary Bladder
  • Lungs
111
Q

Which of the following statements is true?

  • Some blood vessels contain alpha adrenergic receptors that cause vasoconstriction in the presence of epinephrine, whereas others have B2 adrenergic receptors that cause vasodilation in the presence of epinephrine.
  • The chemical messenger always determines the effector response.
  • Dual innervation is present in all visceral organs and glands; one branch enhances the function or secretion, while the other branch inhibits it.
  • The beating of the hear is regulated only by the sympathetic division.
A

Some blood vessels contain alpha adrenergic receptors that cause vasoconstriction in the presence of epinephrine, whereas others have B2 adrenergic receptors that cause vasodilation in the presence of the epinephrine.

112
Q

Synapses between postganglionic neurons and effector organs are different from other synapses in that _________.

A

There are no distinct postsynaptic sites on the effector organs and transmitter is released from several areas on the postganglionic axon.

113
Q

The autonomic nervous system is involved in which of the following actions.

A
  • Urination
  • Fight or flight
  • Pupil Dilation or constriction
  • Swallowing
114
Q

Symptoms of diabetic neuropathy that involve the autonomic nervous system may include __________.

A
  • Lack of awareness of hypoglycemia
  • Urinary Incontinence
  • Erectile Disfunction
115
Q

The sympathetic nervous system can exert effects on specific target organs via the ________.

A

Collateral ganglia

115
Q

The sympathetic nervous system can exert effects on specific target organs via the ________.

A

Collateral ganglia

116
Q

Which of the following cell types or structures can be found in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Preganglionic neurons and chain ganglia

117
Q

The autonomic nervous system innervates ______.

A

Cardiac muscle, blood vessels, and adipose tissue.

118
Q

Which of the following statements about the autonomic nervous system is(are) true?

  • Most of the functions of the autonomic nervous system are accomplished through visceral reflexes.
  • The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems function together to maintain homeostasis.
  • The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems tend to have opposing effects.
  • Most of the functions of the autonomic nervous system are accomplished through visceral reflexes and the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems tend to have opposing effects.
A

All are true

119
Q

Muscarinic receptors are located on _________.

A

Parasympathetic target organs

119
Q

Muscarinic receptors are located on _________.

A

Parasympathetic target organs

120
Q

Which of the following statements about the activation of adrenergic receptors in the sympathetic nervous system are true?

  • The cellular responses to adrenergic receptor activation always involve cAMP.
  • The receptors are always more sensitive to norepinephrine than epinephrine and the cellular responses to adrenergic receptor activation always involve cAMP.
  • The receptors are always more sensitive to norepinephrine than epinephrine.
  • The effects on the target organs are always excitatory and the receptors are always more sensitive to norepinephrine than epinephrine.
  • The effects on the target organ are always excitatory.
A

All answers are correct

121
Q

The sympathetic nervous system can exert effects on specific organ via the_____________.

A

Collateral ganglia

121
Q

The sympathetic nervous system can exert effects on specific organ via the_____________.

A

Collateral ganglia

122
Q

Which of the following is likely to occur when someone stands up quickly?

A

Increased release of norepinephrine and increased activity at adrenergic receptors.

123
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic neurons emerge from the ______________ portion of the spinal cord.

A

Lumbar and thoracic

124
Q

What type of druc would decrease heart rate?

A

Muscarinic agonist

Bio 341 (2 decks)

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