Chapter 9 Flashcards
poultices
A soft, moist mass of material, typically consisting of bran, flour, herbs, etc., applied to the body to relieve soreness and inflammation and kept in place with a cloth.
e.g
Clover treated the hoof with poultices of herbs which she prepared by chewing them, and both she and Benjamin urged Boxer to work less hard.
urged
Try earnestly or persistently to persuade (someone) to do something.
e.g
Clover treated the hoof with poultices of herbs which she prepared by chewing them, and both she and Benjamin urged Boxer to work less hard.
formulated
Create or prepare methodically.
e.g
At the beginning, when the laws of Animal Farm were first formulated, the retiring age had been fixed for horses and pigs at twelve, for cows at fourteen, for dogs at nine, for sheep at seven, and for hens and geese at five.
Liberal
Willing to respect or accept behaviour or opinions different from one’s own; open to new ideas.
e.g
Liberal old-age pensions had been agreed upon.
conservatives
A person who is averse to change and holds traditional values.
superannuated
(of a post or employee) belonging to a superannuation (Regular payment made into a fund by an employee towards a future pension.) scheme.
e.g
Now that the small field beyond the orchard had been set aside for barley, it was rumoured that a corner of the large pasture was to be fenced off and turned into a grazing-ground for superannuated animals.
readjustment
An alteration or correction made to achieve a desired fit, appearance, or result.
e.g
Squealer always spoke of it as a “readjustment,” never as a “reduction”
reduction
The action or fact of making something smaller or less in amount, degree, or size.
e.g
Squealer always spoke of it as a “readjustment,” never as a “reduction”
litter
Rubbish such as paper, cans, and bottles left lying in an open or public place.
boar
A tusked Eurasian wild pig from which domestic pigs are descended, exterminated in Britain in the 17th century.
e.g
Napoleon was the only boar on the farm,
wafted
(with reference to a scent, sound, etc.) pass or cause to pass gently through the air.
e.g
One afternoon in late February a warm, rich, appetizing scent, such as the animals had never smelt before, wafted itself across the yard from the little brew-house, which had been disused in Jones’s time, and which stood beyond the kitchen.
pint
A unit of liquid
e.g
And the news soon leaked out that every pig was now receiving a ration of a pint of beer daily, with half a gallon for Napoleon himself, which was always served to him in the Crown Derby soup tureen.
Demonstration
An act of showing that something exists or is true by giving proof or evidence.
e.g
The sheep were the greatest devotees of the Spontaneous Demonstration, and if anyone complained (as a few animals sometimes did, when no pigs or dogs were near) that they wasted time and meant a lot of standing about in the cold
Spontaneous
Performed or occurring as a result of a sudden impulse or inclination and without premeditation or external stimulus.
e.g
The sheep were the greatest devotees of the Spontaneous Demonstration, and if anyone complained (as a few animals sometimes did, when no pigs or dogs were near) that they wasted time and meant a lot of standing about in the cold
devotees
A person who is very interested in and enthusiastic about someone or something.
e.g
The sheep were the greatest devotees of the Spontaneous Demonstration, and if anyone complained (as a few animals sometimes did, when no pigs or dogs were near) that they wasted time and meant a lot of standing about in the cold
processions
A number of people or vehicles moving forward in an orderly fashion, especially as part of a ceremony.
e.g
So that, what with the songs, the processions, Squealer’s lists of figures, the thunder of the gun, the crowing of the cockerel, and the fluttering of the flag, they were able to forget that their bellies were empty, at least part of the time.
poultry
Domestic fowl, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese.
flanked
Be on each or on one side of.
e.g
The dogs flanked the procession and at the head of all marched Napoleon’s black cockerel. Boxer and Clover always carried between them a green banner marked with the hoof and the horn and the caption, “Long live Comrade Napoleon!”
Republic
A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.
President
head of the people
complicity
The fact or condition of being involved with others in an activity that is unlawful or morally wrong.
e.g
On the same day it was given out that fresh documents had been discovered which revealed further details about Snowball’s complicity with Jones.
inflicted
Cause (something unpleasant or painful) to be suffered by someone or something.
e.g
The wounds on Snowball’s back, which a few of the animals still remembered to have seen, had been inflicted by Napoleon’s teeth
strain
Force (a part of one’s body or oneself) to make an unusually great effort. a force tending to pull or stretch something to an extreme or damaging degree.
e.g
He was quite unchanged, still did no work, and talked in the same strain as ever about Sugarcandy Mountain.
contemptuously
In a scornful way that shows disdain.
e.g
They all declared contemptuously that his stories about Sugarcandy Mountain were lies, and yet they allowed him to remain on the farm, not working, with an allowance of a gill of beer a day.
glazed
overlaid or covered with a smooth, shiny coating or finish.
e.g
His eyes were glazed, his sides matted with sweat.
veterinary
Relating to the diseases, injuries, and treatment of farm and domestic animals.
e.g
However, Squealer easily convinced them that the veterinary surgeon in Willingdon could treat Boxer’s case more satisfactorily than could be done on the farm. And about half an hour later, when Boxer had somewhat recovered, he was with difficulty got on to his feet, and managed to limp back to his stall, where Clover and Benjamin had prepared a good bed of straw for him.
chorused
(of a group of people) say the same thing at the same time.
e.g
The animals crowded round the van. “Good-bye, Boxer!” they chorused, “good-bye!”
demeanor
Outward behaviour or bearing.
e.g
Here Squealer’s demeanor suddenly changed.
indignantly
In a manner indicating anger or annoyance at something perceived as unfair.
e.g
He cried indignantly.
oration
A formal speech, especially one given on a ceremonial occasion.
e.g
Napoleon himself appeared at the meeting on the following Sunday morning and pronounced a short oration in Boxer’s honor.
lamented
A conventional way of describing someone who has died or something that has ceased to exist.
e.g
It had not been possible, he said, to bring back their lamented comrade’s remains for interment on the farm, but he had ordered a large wreath to be made from the laurels in the farmhouse garden and sent down to be placed on Boxer’s grave.
interment
The burial of a corpse in a grave or tomb, typically with funeral rites
e.g
It had not been possible, he said, to bring back their lamented comrade’s remains for interment on the farm, but he had ordered a large wreath to be made from the laurels in the farmhouse garden and sent down to be placed on Boxer’s grave..
wreath
An arrangement of flowers, leaves, or stems fastened in a ring and used for decoration or for laying on a grave.
e.g
he had ordered a large wreath to be made from the laurels in the farmhouse garden
