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AP I > Chapter 9&10 - Muscle > Flashcards

Chapter 9&10 - Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

What is coupling?

A

Sequence of events by which an action potential along the sarcolemma leads to sliding of protein myofilaments

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2
Q

Follow depolarization to the cisternae

A

First there is excitation with electricity…. By depolarization

Then this is coupled to sliding filaments of muscle contraction

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2
Q

Follow depolarization to the cisternae

A

Neuron depolarization: Na+ enters neuron cytoplasm in small steps to end of neuron,synaptic vesicles lyse at membrane of neuron, NT[ach] released into synaptic cleft of synapse

Synaptic cleft neurotransmitter transmission : Ach diffuses high to low, neuron to muscle

Skeletal muscle cell depolarization: NT/Ach binds @ motor end plate & starts local ion changes, opening Na+ channels-> muscle cell inside becomes slightly less negative=local graded potential

Depolarization/action potential sweeps down sarcolemma into T-tubule into cell [1-2 millisec]

Soooo cisterns release Ca++ which exits into cytoplasm

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3
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A

Thin filaments slide past thicker myosin so that actin & myosin overlap to a greater degree-> shortening of muscle

Heads of myosin attach to actin, and de attach->ratcheting motion;requires Ca++ [Ca++ rearranges troponin/tropomyosin with actin, freeing it to slide]

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4
Q

What is contraction?

A

Ca++ binds to troponin which then changes shape
Myosin binding sites on actin exposed
actin is “let go” & it slides into myosin
actin binds to myosin heads in cross bridges; using ATP to de-attach=ratcheting motion
muscle shortens=contraction

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5
Q

Explain the Cross Bridge Cycle, specific detail of myosin changes

A
  1. Cross bridge attachment (energized myosin attaches to actin)
  2. Working stroke (ADP and Pi are released, myosin head binds & pivots, pulling on actin)
  3. Cross bridge detachment (after new ATP binds to head, actin is let go)
  4. “Cocking” of myosin head (hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and Pi by ATPase gives energy and myosin head returns to high energy position, “cocked”)

Contraction (SLIDING) continues as long as there is Ca++ and ATP

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6
Q

How much do muscles shorten during contraction?

A

Muscles shorten 30 to 35%

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7
Q

What are the major events of relaxation?

A

Acetylcholinesterase (ACHase) on sarcolemma decomposes Ach
Muscle no longer stimulated
Ca++ moves from cytoplasm into sarcoplasmic reticulum
cross bridges break
actin slides back out of myosin

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8
Q

2 major facts about RELAXATION

A

Muscle lengthens

Troponin & tropomyosin hold actin

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9
Q

Relaxation & Contraction

A

Relaxation: when Ca++ is low in the cell cytoplasm [high in cisterns], muscle is relaxed & tropomyosin blocks actin
Contraction: when Ca++ rises in the cell cytoplasm, it binds to troponin, it changes shape, tropomyosin moves, and actin is freed to slide

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10
Q

Where does muscle get ATP for cross bridging in contraction?

A
  1. stored ATP in muscle cell
  2. stored creatine changed to creatine phosphate in muscle cell

These last a few seconds and cell must make ATP from glucose

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11
Q

What is Direct phosphorylation?

A

Coupled reaction of creatine phosphate (CP) and ADP, No O2 use, 15 seconds of energy

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12
Q

What is Anaerobic pathway?

A

Glycolysis and lactic acid formation, No O2 use, 30-40 seconds of energy

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13
Q

What is Aerobic pathway?

A

Aerobic cellular respiration, O2 REQUIRED, hours of energy!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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14
Q

In 6 seconds of short duration….

A

ATP stored in muscles is used first

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15
Q

In 10 seconds of short duration….

A

ATP is formed from creatine phosphate and ADP

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16
Q

in 30-40 seconds short duration…

A

Glycogen stored in muscles is broken down to glucose, which is oxidized to generate ATP (anaerobic)

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17
Q

Hours pf Prolonged duration exercise…

A

ATP is generated by breakdown of several nutrient energy fuels by aerobic pathway

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18
Q

How does muscle get glucose?

A

Liver and muscle change glycogen to glucose & delivers it to muscle through blood

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19
Q

How does glucose diffuse into muscle cell?

A

From BLOOOOOd

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20
Q

What in cytoplasm changes glucose to pyruvic acid (3C)?

A

enzymes

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21
Q

Glycolysis in muscle cell yield how many ATP?

A

2

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22
Q

what in glycolysis in muscle cell diffuses into mitochondria?

A

pyruvic acid

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23
Q

in krebs cycle/aerobic respiration in muscle cell….what changes to acetyl co-A?

A

pyruvic acid

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24
Q

in krebs cycle/aerobic respiration in muscle cell….what enters krebs cycle?

A

co-A

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25
Q

in krebs cycle/aerobic respiration in muscle cell….what diffuses into cell?

A

O2

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26
Q

in krebs cycle/aerobic respiration in muscle cell….what enters mitochondria & Krebs cycle couple with oxidative phosphorylations?

A

O2

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27
Q

in krebs cycle/aerobic respiration in muscle cell….what are the products? (4) —>?

A 
heat
CO2 gas
36 ATP
H+
------------------->>>>>>> H2O
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28
Q

How is O2 supplied for Krebs cycle?

A

1 Hemoglobin, blood protein in red blood cell releases oxygen to muscle cell
2 myoglobin a protein in muscle cell stores O2 from blood in muscle cell temporarily and releases O2 to cytoplasm when blood vessel clamped in contracting muscle

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29
Q

What happens when O2 to cell runs out? EPOC

A

no more krebs cycle
EPOC = oxygen debt = excess post exercise oxygen consumption
when no O2, pyruvic acid decreases
pyruvic acid cannot diffuse out of cell to blood so pyruvic changes to lactic acid to diffuse out of cell to blood
blood carries lactic acid to liver

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30
Q

EPOC/ oxygen debt in liver

A

Liver runs glycolysis backwards: changes lactic acid back to pyruvic acid & adds ATP to change it back to glucose
Therefore liver uses its ATP

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31
Q

EPOC/oxygen debt in liver ….. body in oxygen debt until…

A

1 liver replaces its ATP
2 muscle replaces its creatine phosphate & original ATP
3 Mb O2 reserves replenished
4 glycogen replenished

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32
Q

Contraction of a whole skeletal muscle, muscle tension

A

force exerted by contracting muscle on an object

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33
Q

contraction of a whole skeletal muscle, load

A

force exerted on the muscle by the weight of the object

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34
Q

contraction of a whole skeletal muscle,motor unit

A

a motor neuron and all the branches to muscle fibers it supplies

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35
Q

contraction of a whole skeletal muscle, explain muscle and motor units

A

muscles exerting fine control have SMALL motor units, large motor units to large muscles with less precise control, like hip

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36
Q

Force of muscle contraction affected by…..

A

1 number and size of contracting muscle cells
2 frequency of stimulation
3 degree of muscle stretch

THE GREATER THE LOAD THE SLOWER THE CONTRACTION

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37
Q

muscle twitch

A

response of motor unit to single action potential

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38
Q

threshold stimulus

A

minimum strength stimulus needed for contraction, anything less than threshold gives no contraction

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39
Q

all-or-none response

A

if muscle gets threshold stimulus, contracts completely
if muscle gets greater than threshold, still contracts exactly same as threshold

no PARTIAL CONTRACTION OF ISOLATED MUSCLE

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40
Q

MYOGRAM

A

graph of single contraction of isolated muscle lasting fraction of second

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41
Q

phases of twitch

A 
latent/lag = period between threshold stimulus until contraction begins
contraction= beginning to max contraction
relaxation= max contract to NO contract
REFRACTORY = period after stimulation & contraction in which muscle will not respond. can stimulate w threshold stimulus and no response
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42
Q

tetany

A

sustained contraction; no relaxation period in skeletal

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43
Q

fatigue

A

inability to contract muscle, increased LACTIC ACID; low ph, high K+ usually not lack of ATP

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44
Q

cramp

A

prolonged spasms, LACK OF ATP, low ca++, drink h2O

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45
Q

tone

A

relaxed muscles always slightly contracted

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46
Q

rigor mortis :0

A

rigor of death
muscles stiffen 3-4 hrs after death
peak rigidity TWELVE HOURS
Ca++ rises in muscle cells
NO ATP FOR DETACHMENT OF ACTIN FROM MYOSIN
rigidity decreases over 48-60 hours by bacterial degradation

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47
Q

prime mover

A

muscle in a group responsible for most movement

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48
Q

synergist

A

muscle in a group that assists prime mover

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49
Q

antagonist

A

muscle in group that opposes prime mover

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50
Q

origin

A

point of attachment of one end of muscle that is relatively immobile

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51
Q

insertion

A

point of attachment of one end of muscle that moves

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52
Q

insertion moves toward origin during what?

A

contraction

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53
Q

origin-insertion nomenclature

A

stern0cleidomastoid , origin = first - sternum

insertion = last = mastoid process

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54
Q

points of origin in biceps

A

2 heads of origin (attachment)

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55
Q

size in pectoralis major is what?

A

large

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56
Q

_____ maximus and minimus?

A

big and little what? i like big … butts

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57
Q

deltoid is what shape? trapezius is what shape?

A

triangle; trapezoid

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58
Q

the extensor digitorum does what action?

A

EXTENDS idiot

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59
Q

flexor digitorum probably…

A

flexes?

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60
Q

name the 2 types of contraction

A

isotonic

isometric

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61
Q

isotonic =

A

muscle shortens with contraction

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62
Q

isometric =

A

muscle stays the same length with contraction

63
Q

velocity of contraction (3)

A

slow OXIDATIVE fibers
fast OXIDATIVE fibers
fast GLYCOLYTIC fibers

64
Q

immobilization of muscles lead to what?

A

cell wasting or atrophy

65
Q

resistance exercise cause what to happen to skeletal muscle?

A

hypertrophy or cell enlargement

66
Q

regular aerobic exercise leads to what 2 things?

A

increased ENDURANCE, increased STRENGTH

67
Q

Central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

68
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves that connect central nervous system to rest of body, afferent sensory and efferent motor (2) somatic and ANS

69
Q

automatic nervous system

A

one efferent part of PNS, divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic, that maintains unconscious homeostasis
involuntary

70
Q

2 types of nerve tissue

A

neuron

neuroglial cells

71
Q

neuron

A

basic functional unit
excitable; reacts to change
transmits messages

72
Q

neuroglial cells

A

accessory cells
variety of support function
no impulse transmission

73
Q

central nervous cells

A 
neuron
neuroglial (half mass of brain small cells) 
astrocyte (star)
oligodendrocyte
microglia
ependymal cell
74
Q

astrocyte (star)

A

support to neuron
exchange with blood capillaries for neuron
help form the blood brain barrier
synapse formation

75
Q

oligodendrocyte

A

makes myelin sheath (CNS ONLY)

76
Q

microglia

A

phagocyte

assist injured neurons

77
Q

ependymal cell

A

lines ventricles of brain

help circulate cerebrospinal fluid

78
Q

PNS cells

A

neuron

neuroglial - satellite cell, schwann cell

79
Q

schwann cell

A

makes myelin sheath (PNS ONLY)

used in regeneration of axons

80
Q

anatomical types of neurons

A

multipolar
bipolar
unipolar

81
Q

multipolar neurons

A 
many cytoplasmic extensions from cell body - 3 or more
most common (99%)
major type in cns
function = motor or association
82
Q

bipolar neurons

A 
2 extensions from cell body
function = special sensory (eye, olfactory)
83
Q

unipolar neurons

A 
one extension from cell body
function = sensory (GANGLIA)
84
Q

functional types of neurons

A

1 sensory
2 association = interneuron
3 motor

85
Q

sensory neurons

A

sensory receptors send messages through PNS to CNS (afferent)
most unipolar
sensory from organs = visceral afferent

86
Q

association neurons or interneuron

A

in CNS
transmits messages from 1 part of CNS to another part of CNS
multipolar

87
Q

motor neuron

A

from CNS to PNS (EFFERENT)
multipolar
carry messages to effector = muscle & gland

88
Q

2 main parts of motor neuron

A

somatic nervous to skeletal muscles

autonomic nervous to smooth, cardiac muscles, and glands

89
Q

neuron characteristics

A

amitotic
extreme longevity
high metabolic rate (ONLY SURVIVE FEW MINUTES WITHOUT OXYGEN)

90
Q

neuron structure (PNS OR CNS)

A 
cell body with neuroplasm and organelles
no centrioles... used in mitosis
golgi well developed
endoplasmic reticulium = NISSL BODIES
nucleus: no reproduction after maturity
PIGMENT INCLUSIONS - held in vacuole sac, lipofuchsin pigment is a sign of aging
91
Q

cell body has cytoplasmic extensions…

A

dendrite, axon

92
Q

clusters of cell bodies

A

in cns= nuclei

in pns= ganglia

93
Q

bundles of cell processes

A

in cns= tracts

in pns= nerves

94
Q

detail dendrites

A

short, highly branched
enormous surface area for receiving signals from other neurons
receptor for message= graded potential; conducts into cell body

95
Q

detail of axon

A

long and singular
1 per cell
arises from axon hillock (trigger zone) near cell body
generates and conducts messages away from cell body
ex motor axons controlling great toe 3-4 feet long~@!@@@@@@!!!!!!!!

96
Q

more detail of axon

A

fine branching @ end is PRE SYNAPTIC terminal with synaptic knobs containing neurotransmitter NT that can diffuse into ECF when released
has ALL the organelles of cell body and dendrite EXCEPT NISSL BODIES AND GOLGI, for protein packaging… so quickly deteriorates if cut

97
Q

use of what in axon aids movement of molecules in long axon in either direction?

A

use of microtubules, communication in cell

98
Q

certain viruses like polio can use this to invade cell body?

A

use the axon’s same retrograde movement

99
Q

presynaptic terminal @ tip of axon

A

contain vesicles with neurotransmitter (NT)

releases NT to diffuse across synapse to next dendrite on 2nd neuron = synaptic transmission

100
Q

synaptic transmission

A

dendrite neuron #1 -> cell body neuron #1-> axon neuron #1->
nt diffuses ->
dendrite neuron #2->cell body #2-> axon #2

101
Q

role of myelin in PNS

A

white lipid-protein membrane of schwann cell wrapped around axon called myelin sheath (DENDRITES NEVER WRAPPED)
EXTERNAL TO MYELIN SHEATH is neurilemmal sheath = rest of schwann cell, cytoplasm, nucleus, membrane

102
Q

neurilemmal sheath in PNS

A

increases impulse conduction

allows regeneration

103
Q

myelin and impulse conduction

A

as increased myelin, increase speed of transmission
myelin is in patches on axon, each patch a SWANN CELL
- naked axon in between is a node of rangier

104
Q

saltatory conduction

A

transmission can jump from node to node

105
Q

white matter in PNS

A

regions of brain and cord with dense myelination

106
Q

grey matter in PNS

A

cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers

107
Q

myelin & regeneration in PNS

A

if axon is severed, all except sheath distal to cut is DECOMPOSED
proximal axon sprouts cytoplasm & seeks tube of sheath for path to muscle
if sprout enters sheath, then axon can re-grow
sheath shows path to growing axon until finds muscle or gland

108
Q

regeneration in CNS

A

no neurilemmal sheaths in CNS
no axon regeneration
adult neuron does not divide
cut through cell body, in PNS OR CNS BRINGS CELL DEATH!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
limited growth with fetal tissue implants

109
Q

neurophysiology: resting membrane potential

A

AT REST ( NO MESSAGE TRANSMITTED) membrane is charged so outside positive with respect to inside

110
Q

how can ions move to create this imbalance in resting membrane potential?

A

respond (open/close) to pressure/voltage/chemicals
each channel selective for ions to pass
so can permit unequal distribution or ions in ECF vs cytoplasm

111
Q

RMP

A

NA + higher outside
K+ higher INSIDE
cytoplasm= 150 mm k+ and 15 mm na+
ECF= 150 mm Na+ and 5 mm k+

112
Q

if add all charges in ECF nD COMPARE to all charges in cytoplasm, greater positive charge outside than inside where?

A

AT MEMBRANE

113
Q

at the membrane for RMP…

A

cytoplasm is neutral, elf is neutral ECF not elf

114
Q

potential across membrane is what #

A

~-70mV

115
Q

hyper polarizing agents

A

chemicals that affect RMP and make it more negative > -70mv
more difficult to fire message (action potential) on that nerve
patient has more difficulty responding

116
Q

hyper polarizing agents affect what?

A

they affect RMP and make it more positive (+) than -70 e.g. -60, -50
nerve message fired more easily
eg. caffein (in chocolate, colas, pepper, tea, coffee, mountain dew

117
Q

generating action potential

A

RMP- voltage gates closed for Na and k
depolarization- increase in membrane na permeability and na moves from ECF into cytoplasm in small steps & once reaches threshold becomes self generating
repolarization

118
Q

2 types of signals produced by change in membrane potential

A

graded potentials

action potential

119
Q

graded potentials

A

incoming signals operating over short distances, short lived; can initiate action potential

120
Q

action potential

A

long distance messages=rapid series of depolarizations and depolarizations; don’t decrease in strength with distance —– often graded potential change to AP at hillock

121
Q

depolarization

A

the membrane potential moves toward 0 mv the inside becoming less negative and more positive

122
Q

hyperpolarization

A

the membrane potential increases, the inside becoming more negative

123
Q

the key players

A

voltage gated Na+ channels and k+ channels

124
Q

repolarization

A

k+ exits membrane in a linear pattern directly behind Na+ movement restoring original resting potential
na+ blocked
occurs in small steps

Na+/ka+ pump restores ion distributions of original RMP

125
Q

the events 1-4

A

resting state
depolarization
depolarization
hyperpolarization

126
Q

the events 1-4 explained

A

no ions move through voltage-gated channels
then na+ flows into the cell
then k+ flows out of the cell
then k+ continues to leave the cell

127
Q

threshold response

A

depolarization when AP becomes self generating —- graded potentials add at hillock

128
Q

all or none response

A

AP happens completely with threshold stimulus or not at all

129
Q

refractory period

A

period of open Na+ channels in which neuron cannot respond to another stimulus

130
Q

synapse

A

junction that mediates information transfer
ex axodendritic - btwn axon/dendrite
presynaptic neuron= neuron conduction impulses toward synapse

131
Q

postsynaptic neuron=

A

neuron transmitting electrical signal away from synapse

132
Q

electrical synapse=

A

less common, protein channels between neurons, like gap junctions, synchronous activity

133
Q

chemical synapses

A

depolarization releases Ca++ that opens vesicles in axon terminal that releases NT-> diffuses across synapse to receptor on next dendrite

134
Q

in chemical synapses after few milliseconds NT

A

terminated by enzymes or reuptake by astrocytes or cell or diffusion away

135
Q

the rate limiting step of message is much slower in what?

A

much slower in synapse, 150 m/sec is .3-5.0 m/sec

136
Q

excitatory post synaptic potential EPSP

A

neurotransmitters that hypo polarize & excite next neuron with graded responses - may trigger hillock - AP

137
Q

inhibitory post synaptic potential IPSP

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter that hyper polarizes next neuron-> less likely to fire

138
Q

esps can add together to increase what?

A

threshold depolarization

139
Q

temporal

A

rapid accumulations in time of presynaptic impulses

140
Q

spatial

A

many neurons add together to stimulate the post synaptic neuron

141
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals released from end of axon that carry message of depolarization through synapse to next neuron
have specific receptors on post neuron
ex: ACH- degraded by a chase to choline and reused to make ash
all skeletal muscles
CNS
monamines/biogenic amino acids (eli,norepi,serotonin,dopamine)
some amino acids – glycine, GABA, aspartic acid

142
Q

monamines/biogenic amino acids – eli, norepi, serotonin, dopamine

A

broad distribution in brain
inhibited by monamine oxidase
diet can affect monamine production

143
Q

some peptides

A

neurotransmitters - strings of amino acids
can enhance- substance P transmits pain
can inhibit message: endorphins and enkephalins inhibit pain

144
Q

neurotransmitters: some can excited or inhibit

A

ash excites skeletal muscle and inhibits cardiac muscle

145
Q

neuromodulators

A

chemicals in the synapse that can alter the message of the transmitter
NO nitric oxide

146
Q

convergence of a message

A

action potentials of several neurons converge at synapse
many neurons converge to fewer neurons
used to go from sensory ons into cps

147
Q

divergence

A

action potential of one neuron synapses into several neurons

CNs –> motor effectors (can take same message to may parts)

148
Q

neuronal pools=

A

functioning group of millions of neurons in CNS
if presynaptic neuron branches @ synapse, it will excite some post neurons in discharge zone and facilitate or help other neurons reach a threshold facilitated zone

149
Q

patterns of neural processing- SERIAL

A

predictable patter of stimulation of one after another after another like spinal reflexes or serial killers

150
Q

reflex arc

A

automatic unconscious response to change inside or outside body

151
Q

reflex arc

A

maintains homeostasis
4 or 5 parts
sensory neuron -> interneuron in CNS-> motor ->
effector (muscle or gland)

152
Q

reflex arc simplest

A

knee-jerk (2 neuron); unipolar in & multipolar out (no interneuron

153
Q

parallel processing

A

input segregated into many different pathways simultaneously

154
Q

nerve fiber classification

A

nerve fibers classified according to diameter, degree of myelination, speed of conduction

AP I (1 decks)

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