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Chapter 9 10 11 > Chapter 9 10 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 10 11 Flashcards

1
Q

random change in the DNA due to errors in replication that occur without known cause

A

Spontaneous mutations

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2
Q

result from exposure to known mutagens, physical (primarily radiation) or chemical agents that interact with DNA in a disruptive manner

A

Induced mutations

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3
Q

addition, deletion, or substitution of a few bases

A

Point mutation

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4
Q

causes change in a single amino acid

A

Missense mutation

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5
Q

changes a normal codon into a stop codon

A

Nonsense mutation

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6
Q

alters a base but does not change the amino acid

A

Silent mutation

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7
Q

when a mutated gene reverses to its original base composition

A

Back-mutation

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8
Q

when the reading frame of the mRNA is altered

A

Frameshift mutation

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9
Q

Substance that causes mutation

A

Mutagen

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10
Q

Cancer causing substance

A

Carcinogen

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11
Q

Substance or chemical that causes mutation in embryos

A

Tetrogrn

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12
Q

Cancer causing genes

A

Onco genes

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13
Q

Fredrick Griffith

A

Change in phenotype with the mouse expirment

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14
Q

Avery mcloud mccarty

A

Heat killed smooth strain and fractions it to 5 biological factors lipids carbohydrates proteins dna and rna and came to conclude dna is responsible for transformation

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15
Q

Breaking and joining of two dna segments to form a new recombinant that will differ from either parent

A

Recombination

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16
Q

Plasmid transfer from one bacteria to another bacteria

A

Conjugation

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17
Q

Recombination of the plasmid and bacteria chromosome results in

A

HFr

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18
Q

Gene transfer from one bacterium to another facilitated by viral vector virus

A

Transduction

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19
Q

Viruses that infect bacteria

A

Bacteriphage

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20
Q

The virus kills the host by lysis upon infection of host cells

A

Lyric cycle

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21
Q

Viral genes that integrate into the host chromosome

A

Lysogenic cycle

22
Q

Stages of lytic cycle

A

Landing attachments penetration biosynthesis maturation release

23
Q

Gene transfer and mutation by transposable elements or tea spoons jumpin genes

A

Transposition

24
Q

Complementary dna usually made from a mRNA by the use of a enzyme known as reverse transcriptase

A

cDNA

25
Q

Makes complimentary dna from rna was isolated from hiv

A

Reverse transcriptase

26
Q

Method of generating many copies of dna cheaply in a lab from small original sample.

A

Pcr

27
Q

Involves cutting and joining dna pieces using enzymes with the intention of making many clones or copies of target dna

A

Gene cloning

28
Q

Chemicals that kill germs

A

Germicides

29
Q

Completely free of microbes

A

Sterile

30
Q

Reduction of germs on non living surfaces do not kill spores

A

Disinfection

31
Q

Chemicals used for reduction of pathogens on living tissue

A

Antiseptic

32
Q

Kills bacteria

A

Bacteriacidal

33
Q

Kills viruses

A

Viruscidal

34
Q

Stops fungal growth

A

Fungistatic

35
Q

Kills endospore

A

Sporcidal

36
Q

Techniques that prevent entry of microbes into sterile tissue

A

Asepsis

37
Q

Chemicals used for reduction of pathogen on non living surfaces or material

A

Disinfectants

38
Q

Hand washing as sanitation techniques

A

ignaz Semmelweis

39
Q

Time required to kill all microbes at a specified temp

A

Thermal death time

40
Q

Temp required to kill all microbes in ten min

A

Thermal death point

41
Q

Kills vegative cells but not endospore

A

Boiling

42
Q

Steam temperatures 121 under 15 psi

A

Autoclaving

43
Q

Not for heat sensitive items

A

Dry heat

44
Q

Removes microbes from liquid or air without killing them

A

Filters

45
Q

Causes ionization of radicals and or mutation of dna

A

Radiation

46
Q

Has the ability to penetrate deep under the surface

A

Ionizing radiation

47
Q

Non penetrating restricted to surfaces

A

Non ionizing

48
Q

The destruction, removal, or reduction in number of undesirable microbes

A

Decontamination

49
Q

The growth of microorganisms in the tissues

A

Sepsis

50
Q

Techniques that prevent the entry of microorganisms into sterile tissues

A

Asepsis

51
Q

Chemicals applied to body surfaces to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens

A

Antiseptic

52
Q

freeze drying;

A

Lyophilization

Chapter 9 10 11 (1 decks)

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