Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chapter 9/10/11 > Chapter 9/10/11 > Flashcards

Chapter 9/10/11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue structure that connects muscle to bone?

A

Tendon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Muscular fiber is covered by?

A

Endomysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Fascicle composed by many fibers is covered by?

A

Perimysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

___?____ is composed by many fascicles which is covered by (Epimysium)

A

a muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Structure of a muscle?

A

●Endomysium,
●Perimysium,
●Epimysium (deep fascia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Muscular System

A

1 Muscular fiber ( or muscle cell) is made up of proteins called myofilaments.

●Myofilaments Types
●Thick Myosin
●Thin Actin, troponin, and tropomyosin
●Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
●Neurotransmitter
●Synaptic cleft
●Receptors
●Motor end plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is NMJ?

A

Neuromuscular junction

(A)The branched end of a motor neuron makes contact with the membrane of a muscle fiber (cell).

(B) Enlarged view of the NMJ showing release of neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) into the synaptic cleft.

(C) Acetylcholine attaches
to receptors in the motor end plate, whose folds increase surface area

. (D) Electron microscope photograph of the neuromuscular junction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Muscles are activated by the nervous system. What is the name of the special synapse where a nerve cell contacts a muscle cell?

A

NMJ - Neuromuscular junction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What neurotransmitter is involved in the stimulation of skeletal muscle cells?

A

ACH - Acetylcholine

Muscle contraction happens when ACH is released from motor neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are two properties of muscle cells that are needed for response to a stimulus?

A

Excitability and Contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the filaments that interact to produce muscle contraction?

A

Myosin-actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Properties of Muscle Tissue

A

Excitability
●Action potential

Contractility
●Actin
●Myosin
●Troponin
●Tropomyosin
●Sarcomere
●ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Giant CATT expose My Actine

A

●G
●I -Impulse
●A- Ach
●N- Na+
●T- T tubules

●Ca- Release Ca++
●T Troponin
●T Tropomyosin

●Release
●My  Myosin

●A Actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ca++ must interact with ________ to form the “cross-bridges” in muscles?

A

Troponin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What mineral is needed to allow actin and myosin to interact?

A

CA++

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Compounds in muscle cells that store oxygen, energy, or nutrients

A

●Myoglobin
●Glycogen
●Creatine phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are Energy Sources
●Muscle contraction requires energy (ATP), oxidized in muscle cells from

A

●Oxygen
●Glucose or another usable nutrient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When muscles work without oxygen, a compound is produced that causes muscle fatigue.
What is the name of this compound?

A

Lactic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

●Types of Muscle Contractions

A

Partial (muscle tone or tonus)

*Isotonic

●No change in tension
●Muscle length shortens
●Movement
●Strengthens the muscles in the entire range of motion, while improving joint mobility.
●Concentric  Lift weight
●Eccentric  Weight return back

*Isometric

●Great increase in tension
●Muscle length unchanged
●No movement
●Primarily used in physiotherapy and rehabilitation following an injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The partially contracted state of muscle is known as what?

A

Tonus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Isotonic vs isometric

A

Isotonic
Same Tension; Changing Length

Isometric
Same Length; Changing Tension

22
Q

Muscles are attached to bones by means of tendons: one attached to a less movable part of the skeleton, and one attached to a movable part.
What are the names of these two attachment points?

A

Origin and insertion

23
Q
A

The Mechanics of Muscle Movement

●Tendons attach muscles to bones
●Origin
●Attached to more fixed part of skeleton
●Insertion
●Attached to more moveable part of skeleton

Muscles are attached to bones by means of tendons: one attached to a less movable part of the skeleton, and one attached to a movable part.
What are the names of these two attachment points?
Origin and Insertion
Muscle origin is the location of the muscle attachment to the bone.

Muscle insertion describes on which bone of a joint a muscle end attaches.

24
Q

Muscles work together to produce movement.
What is the name of the muscle that produces a movement as compared with the muscle that produces an opposite movement?

A

Antagonist

25
Q

What is the name for a muscle that helps the prime mover and the antagonist muscles?

A

SYNERGISTS

Muscles Work Together
●Many muscles function in pairs
●Prime movers
●Antagonists

26
Q

What is the name for the muscle that surrounds the eye?

A

orbicularis oculi

27
Q

Mastication

A

CHEWING

-Chewing muscles

28
Q

What muscle is most important in breathing?

A

Diaphragm

29
Q

What structural feature gives strength to the muscles of the abdominal wall?

A

External and internal oblique +

Transversus abdominis

30
Q

What is the name of the thickened band of fascia that covers the lateral thigh muscles?

A

ileotibial tract

31
Q

Sprain

A

Stretch or tear in the ligaments

32
Q

Strain

A

Muscle injury or tendons

33
Q

Cramps

A

Painful, involuntary contraction of a muscle or muscles

34
Q

Spasms

A

Painless, involuntary contraction of a muscle or muscles (contracts and releases without pain)

35
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

Genetic disease; affects male; muscle deterioration

36
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Autoimmune disorder where autoantibodies block the nicotinic receptors from binding to acetylcholine at NMJ resulting in generalized weakness.

37
Q

(There are four divisions of the brain)

What are the main divisions of the brain?

A

Frontal lobe, temporal lobe, perinatle lobe, and occipital lobe

38
Q

Protective Structures of the Brain and Spinal Cord

A

Meninges
•Dura mater/ Dural sinuses
•Arachnoid
•Pia mater

39
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

Functions
•Cushions from shock
•Carries nutrients to cells
•Transports waste products from cells

Produced in ventricles
•Choroid plexus
•Lateral ventricles
•Foramina
•Cerebral aqueduct

40
Q

The meninges are protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord.
What are the names of the three layers of the meninges from the outermost to the innermost?

A

The delicate inner layer is the pia mater.
The middle layer is the arachnoid, a web-like structure filled with fluid that cushions the brain.
The tough outer layer is called the dura mater.

41
Q

Which ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord?

A

Fourth Ventricle

Superiorly, it is continuous with the cerebral aqueduct while inferiorly it is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord.

42
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

choroid plexi
The primary site of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production is the choroid plexi located within the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles of the brain.

43
Q

Functions of the Cerebral Cortex

A

Frontal lobe
●Motor area
●Speech centers

Parietal lobe
●Sensory area
●Estimation of distances, sizes, shapes
●Temporal lobe
●Auditory area
●Olfactory area

Occipital lobe
●Visual receiving area
●Visual association area

44
Q

The Brain

A

Cerebrum
●Cerebral hemispheres
●Longitudinal fissure
●Lobes
●Diencephalon
●Thalamus
●Hypothalamus

Brain stem
●Midbrain
●Pons
●Medulla oblongata

45
Q

Higher functions of the brain occur in a thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres. What is the name of this outer layer of gray matter?

A

The gray matter of the Seabro cortex allows us to perform higher mental task, such as learning, reasoning, language, and memory

46
Q

What are the two parts of the Diencephalon

A

Thalamus - Sorts sensory impulses hypothalamus- Maintains homeostasis

47
Q

The Brain Stem
•Connects cerebrum and diencephalon with the spinal cord
•Composed of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

A
48
Q

The Midbrain
•Superior part of brain stem
•Four masses form superior part of midbrain
•Reflexes involving eyes and ears
•Conducts impulses between higher centers of cerebrum and lower centers of pons, medulla, cerebellum, spinal cord

A
49
Q

The Pons
•Connecting link between cerebellum and rest of nervous system
•Some reflexes involving respiration

A
50
Q

The Medulla Oblongata
•Respiratory center
•Cardiac center
•Vasomotor center
•Contralateral (opposite side) control

A
51
Q

The Cerebellum
●Division
●Vermis
●Left hemisphere
●Right hemisphere
●Functions
●Help coordinate voluntary muscles
●Help maintain balance
●Help maintain muscle tone

A
52
Q

Smooth muscles

A

S-Skin
T- Tract / G I system
O- organ
V- vessels
E-eyes

All part of the smooth muscles

Chapter 9/10/11 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions