Chapter 9/10/11 Flashcards
What is the name of the connective tissue structure that connects muscle to bone?
Tendon
Muscular fiber is covered by?
Endomysium
Fascicle composed by many fibers is covered by?
Perimysium
___?____ is composed by many fascicles which is covered by (Epimysium)
a muscle
Structure of a muscle?
●Endomysium,
●Perimysium,
●Epimysium (deep fascia)
Muscular System
1 Muscular fiber ( or muscle cell) is made up of proteins called myofilaments.
●Myofilaments Types
●Thick Myosin
●Thin Actin, troponin, and tropomyosin
●Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
●Neurotransmitter
●Synaptic cleft
●Receptors
●Motor end plate
What is NMJ?
Neuromuscular junction
(A)The branched end of a motor neuron makes contact with the membrane of a muscle fiber (cell).
(B) Enlarged view of the NMJ showing release of neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) into the synaptic cleft.
(C) Acetylcholine attaches
to receptors in the motor end plate, whose folds increase surface area
. (D) Electron microscope photograph of the neuromuscular junction.
Muscles are activated by the nervous system. What is the name of the special synapse where a nerve cell contacts a muscle cell?
NMJ - Neuromuscular junction
What neurotransmitter is involved in the stimulation of skeletal muscle cells?
ACH - Acetylcholine
Muscle contraction happens when ACH is released from motor neurons.
What are two properties of muscle cells that are needed for response to a stimulus?
Excitability and Contractility
What are the filaments that interact to produce muscle contraction?
Myosin-actin
Properties of Muscle Tissue
Excitability
●Action potential
Contractility
●Actin
●Myosin
●Troponin
●Tropomyosin
●Sarcomere
●ATP
Giant CATT expose My Actine
●G
●I -Impulse
●A- Ach
●N- Na+
●T- T tubules
●Ca- Release Ca++
●T Troponin
●T Tropomyosin
●Release
●My Myosin
●A Actin
Ca++ must interact with ________ to form the “cross-bridges” in muscles?
Troponin
What mineral is needed to allow actin and myosin to interact?
CA++
Compounds in muscle cells that store oxygen, energy, or nutrients
●Myoglobin
●Glycogen
●Creatine phosphate
What are Energy Sources
●Muscle contraction requires energy (ATP), oxidized in muscle cells from
●Oxygen
●Glucose or another usable nutrient
When muscles work without oxygen, a compound is produced that causes muscle fatigue.
What is the name of this compound?
Lactic acid
●Types of Muscle Contractions
Partial (muscle tone or tonus)
*Isotonic
●No change in tension
●Muscle length shortens
●Movement
●Strengthens the muscles in the entire range of motion, while improving joint mobility.
●Concentric Lift weight
●Eccentric Weight return back
*Isometric
●Great increase in tension
●Muscle length unchanged
●No movement
●Primarily used in physiotherapy and rehabilitation following an injury
The partially contracted state of muscle is known as what?
Tonus
Isotonic vs isometric
Isotonic
Same Tension; Changing Length
Isometric
Same Length; Changing Tension
Muscles are attached to bones by means of tendons: one attached to a less movable part of the skeleton, and one attached to a movable part.
What are the names of these two attachment points?
Origin and insertion
The Mechanics of Muscle Movement
●Tendons attach muscles to bones
●Origin
●Attached to more fixed part of skeleton
●Insertion
●Attached to more moveable part of skeleton
Muscles are attached to bones by means of tendons: one attached to a less movable part of the skeleton, and one attached to a movable part.
What are the names of these two attachment points?
Origin and Insertion
Muscle origin is the location of the muscle attachment to the bone.
Muscle insertion describes on which bone of a joint a muscle end attaches.
Muscles work together to produce movement.
What is the name of the muscle that produces a movement as compared with the muscle that produces an opposite movement?
Antagonist
What is the name for a muscle that helps the prime mover and the antagonist muscles?
SYNERGISTS
Muscles Work Together
●Many muscles function in pairs
●Prime movers
●Antagonists
What is the name for the muscle that surrounds the eye?
orbicularis oculi
Mastication
CHEWING
-Chewing muscles
What muscle is most important in breathing?
Diaphragm
What structural feature gives strength to the muscles of the abdominal wall?
External and internal oblique +
Transversus abdominis
What is the name of the thickened band of fascia that covers the lateral thigh muscles?
ileotibial tract
Sprain
Stretch or tear in the ligaments
Strain
Muscle injury or tendons
Cramps
Painful, involuntary contraction of a muscle or muscles
Spasms
Painless, involuntary contraction of a muscle or muscles (contracts and releases without pain)
Muscular dystrophy
Genetic disease; affects male; muscle deterioration
Myasthenia gravis
Autoimmune disorder where autoantibodies block the nicotinic receptors from binding to acetylcholine at NMJ resulting in generalized weakness.
(There are four divisions of the brain)
What are the main divisions of the brain?
Frontal lobe, temporal lobe, perinatle lobe, and occipital lobe
Protective Structures of the Brain and Spinal Cord
Meninges
•Dura mater/ Dural sinuses
•Arachnoid
•Pia mater
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Functions
•Cushions from shock
•Carries nutrients to cells
•Transports waste products from cells
Produced in ventricles
•Choroid plexus
•Lateral ventricles
•Foramina
•Cerebral aqueduct
The meninges are protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord.
What are the names of the three layers of the meninges from the outermost to the innermost?
The delicate inner layer is the pia mater.
The middle layer is the arachnoid, a web-like structure filled with fluid that cushions the brain.
The tough outer layer is called the dura mater.
Which ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord?
Fourth Ventricle
Superiorly, it is continuous with the cerebral aqueduct while inferiorly it is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord.
Where is CSF produced?
choroid plexi
The primary site of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) production is the choroid plexi located within the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles of the brain.
Functions of the Cerebral Cortex
Frontal lobe
●Motor area
●Speech centers
Parietal lobe
●Sensory area
●Estimation of distances, sizes, shapes
●Temporal lobe
●Auditory area
●Olfactory area
Occipital lobe
●Visual receiving area
●Visual association area
The Brain
Cerebrum
●Cerebral hemispheres
●Longitudinal fissure
●Lobes
●Diencephalon
●Thalamus
●Hypothalamus
Brain stem
●Midbrain
●Pons
●Medulla oblongata
Higher functions of the brain occur in a thin layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres. What is the name of this outer layer of gray matter?
The gray matter of the Seabro cortex allows us to perform higher mental task, such as learning, reasoning, language, and memory
What are the two parts of the Diencephalon
Thalamus - Sorts sensory impulses hypothalamus- Maintains homeostasis
The Brain Stem
•Connects cerebrum and diencephalon with the spinal cord
•Composed of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
The Midbrain
•Superior part of brain stem
•Four masses form superior part of midbrain
•Reflexes involving eyes and ears
•Conducts impulses between higher centers of cerebrum and lower centers of pons, medulla, cerebellum, spinal cord
The Pons
•Connecting link between cerebellum and rest of nervous system
•Some reflexes involving respiration
The Medulla Oblongata
•Respiratory center
•Cardiac center
•Vasomotor center
•Contralateral (opposite side) control
The Cerebellum
●Division
●Vermis
●Left hemisphere
●Right hemisphere
●Functions
●Help coordinate voluntary muscles
●Help maintain balance
●Help maintain muscle tone
Smooth muscles
S-Skin
T- Tract / G I system
O- organ
V- vessels
E-eyes
All part of the smooth muscles
