Chapter 8 Witk Motivation

Question 1

Is a psychological process of directing behavior.

There are forces within a person that induce him/her to act in a certain goal-directed behavior.

Answer 1

Work Motivation -

Question 2

Developed the equity theory which proposes that employees are motivated when they feel they treated fairly. Employees tend to compare their salaries and adjustments in pay and rank with those of other employees.

Answer 2

JOHN STACEY ADAMS (1963)

Question 3

developed the expectancy theory which explains that employees are motivated to work when they expect to achieve something they want from their jobs. It assumes that employees know exactly what they have to do to be rewarded. In other words, employees are impacted or driven by the probablity of completing the task and the possible outcome after completing it. Their views are influenced by three factors: expectancy, valence, and instrumentality.

Answer 3

• In 1964, Victor Vroom

Question 4

According to this theory, two needs should be satisfied: the need for competence (White, 1959) and the need for self-determination (DeCharms, 1968). Competence refers to the person’s ability to interact effectively with the environment while self-determination refers to the individuals initiative in rendering a specific course of action (Deci & Ryan, 1985).

Answer 4

COGNITIVE EVALUATION THEORY

Question 5

motivation that comes from the actual performance of the job.

Answer 5

Intrinsic motivators:

Question 6

motivation that comes from a person’s environment, controlled by others.

Answer 6

Extrinsic motivators:

Question 7

Focuses on performance goals in doing a task. In the early findings of Locke and Latham (1990), performance goals determine how an individual accomplishes a particular task. This theory also focuses on the impact of performance goals on immediate tasks and not on a multiple instance of performances.

Answer 7

GOAL-SETTING THEORY

Question 8

5 Key Principle of Goal Setting

An easy or tedious goal is demotivating. But keep a realistic balance: don’t expect anyone on your team to spin straw into

Answer 8

CHALLENGE -

Question 9

5 Key Principle of Goal Setting

• Your employees have to understand and buy into the goal from the outset

Answer 9

COMMITMENT

Question 10

5 Key Principle of Goal Setting

Provide regular feedback throughout the whole process. This helps to keep the goal on track.

Answer 10

FEEDBACK -

Question 11

5 Key Principle of Goal Setting

• Think about realistic timescales and break down the process into sub-goals with regular reviews.

Answer 11

COMPLEXITY

Question 12

5 Key Principle of Goal Setting

A goal must be specific and clear

Answer 12

CLARITY -

Question 13

• employee behavior is monitored through an environmental sensor in which the behavior is compared with behavioral referent such as a goal or standard. If there is no discrepancy is individual maintains the current behavior.

Answer 13

Cybernetic control theory model

Question 14

recognizes that the goal behavior discrepancy will not automatically trigger the self-correcting process observed in the cybernetic control theory model (Campion &
Lord, 1982)

Answer 14

Rational control theory model

Question 15

emphasizes the role of human cognition and environmental influences in human motivation. Individuals learn by observing others. They set goals for themselves and are motivated to accomplish these goals.
Eventually, behavior becomes self-regulated. There is also the presence of reinforcement and punishment. They form expectations on future responses based on how current responses are reinforced or punished. If they are rewarded, they are more likely to repeat the behavior. If not, the opposite happens (Bandura, 1986).

Answer 15

SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY