Chapter 8: War and Strife

Question 1

War

Answer 1

organized deliberate violence by at least 2 identifiable political authorities

Question 2

Interstate

Answer 2

better known wars, involving states that have recognizable leadership, borders, and formal military

ex: WW11 (decline in interstate)

Question 3

Intrastate

Answer 3

A war that is within a state, wars of independence, civil wars, between two factions within a state

intrastate can become an interstate

Syrian Civil War, Vietnam War, Korean War

Question 4

Total War

Answer 4

Conflicts involving massive loss of life, widespread destruction featuring major powers.

Usually because of radical ideas or religion

ex: thirty years war
WW1, WW2

Question 5

Limited War

Answer 5

may be limited by the goals pursued, types of weapons, and resources needed

ex: Korean War 1950-53 (Started as limited war: US and UN forces mobilized to prevent conquest of South Korea by North – China intervened)

Question 6

What do states fight over?

Answer 6

Territory
Other states’ national politics
Other states’ regime types

Question 7

Why do wars happen?

Answer 7

1. War from incomplete information & resolve
   ex: Gulf War 1991
2. War from indivisibility
   - indivisible good cannot be divided without diminishing its value
   -conflict becomes all or nothing
   Ex: Jerusalem causes conflict because its “indivisible good”
   As we saw earlier in the chapter, the city of Jerusalem—which is home to important holy sites for Jews, Muslims, and Christians—is sometimes cited as an example of an indivisible good that causes conflict. However, there may be ways of dividing apparently indivisible goods, such as shared control or compensation. Some have proposed that conflict over Jerusalem could be resolved if Israelis and Palestinians shared control of key areas.
3. War from commitment problems
   - bargaining over good that are a source of power
   • North Korea and Iran, negotiating on nuclear proliferation
     
     • preventative war: getting involved with the intention of preventing a power from getting stronger
   • US war against Iraq

Question 8

Indivisible good

Answer 8

• indivisible good cannot be divided without diminishing its value
  -conflict becomes all or nothing
  Ex: Jerusalem causes conflict because its “indivisible good”
  As we saw earlier in the chapter, the city of Jerusalem—which is home to important holy sites for Jews, Muslims, and Christians—is sometimes cited as an example of an indivisible good that causes conflict. However, there may be ways of dividing apparently indivisible goods, such as shared control or compensation. Some have proposed that conflict over Jerusalem could be resolved if Israelis and Palestinians shared control of key areas.

Question 9

Causes of war by level of analysis

Answer 9

1. individual: (first image)
   - misperception by leaders.
   - overestimating one’s power and underestimating opponent’s power
   - human nature
2. state/society:
   - Radicals believe capitalism cause conflict.
   - struggle between groups for economic resources,
   - domestic politics, scapegoating
3. System:
   - anarchy (self-help)
   - power transitions
   - aggressiveness of the international capitalist class (imperialism)

Question 10

Compellence

Answer 10

an effort to change status quo through a threat of force

ex: change y or else

Question 11

Deterrence

Answer 11

an effort to preserve the status quo by threatening the other party if they seek change

ex: if you attack me this will happen to you
deterrence for a friend

Question 12

Preventative War

Answer 12

a war fought to prevent a power from becoming more stronger

ex: US vs Iraq

Question 13

NATO

Answer 13

North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- to provide collective security against Soviet Union

Peacekeeping and stabilization roles in Bosnia

In 1999 it undertook the largest military operation since its creation in 1949, operation allied forces, the air war over Serbia
w/o UN authorization they conducted a 78 day air war against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to attempt to stop attacks against ethnic Albanians in the Serbian province of Kosovo

Membership expansion:

In 1999, first wave of new members added after end of cold war

• Poland, Hungary, and Czech Republic
• They were contributors to enhance security in the region, not just to receive umbrella protection

Second wave of members admitted in 2004:

• Estonia, LAtvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Romania, and Bulgaria
• Albania, Croatia formally joined in 2009

Making the total NATO memberships to 28, and 22 partnerships for peace memberships and 7 Mediterranean Dialogue states.

Question 14

Responsibility to protect (R2P)

Answer 14

After WW2, the notion has emerged that all human beings deserve protection and the states have the obligation to intervene

in the case of massive violations of human rights, when domestic avenues violate these rights, states have the responsibility to intervene

Question 15

humanitarian intervention

Answer 15

the tradition of war asserts that military intervention by states or the international community may be justified to alleviate massive violations of human rights

Question 16

political violence

Answer 16

the use of political force by states or non state actors to achieve political goals

Question 17

Civil War

Answer 17

Intra state
an armed combat within the boundaries of a sovereign state between parties that are subject to common authority at the start of hostilities

ex: Independent Wars
North and South Sudan by religious difference

more common

RAPID INCREASE OF CIVIL WARS

• spread of nationalism
• increased availibility of small arms
• financing from drugs, diamonds, and oil

on average lasts more than 10 years

Question 18

why do civil wars cluster?

Answer 18

one theory = contagion hypothesis–a rebellion in one country might inspire like-minded groups in neighboring states.

another possibility is that poor countries (more likely to cause civil war) cluster together, poor countries border other poor countries.

what matters is whether or not any bordering state is actually experiencing a civil war, in which case there is real danger of contagion

• South and North Sudan were marked by religious differences
• South Sudanese population is mostly Christian, but was under the Arab rule of the central government in Khartoum.
• led to a man made famine after south sudan gained independence from sudan

Question 19

Civil Wars: Opportunities and Interests

Answer 19

DRC - democratic republic of Congo

1996 an internal rebellion broke out against against a dictator Mobutu Sese Seko

both Rwanda and Uganda supported the rebellion

After Mobutu was out they were replaced with a new leader Laurent Kabilia, a bigger war erupted later

the people who supported the rebellion were now against the new ruler

allows opts for dictatorship
human right violations

Opportunities: State weakness, Colonial legacies, Flimsy political institutions,

Question 20

What are the different opportunities for civil wars to emerge and the interests of those that start it?

Answer 20

state weakness, colonial legacies(flimsy political institutions), the international context, poverty, and geography
Their interests are: cultural grievances, greed, pressure to join (coercive recruitment), individual psychology

Question 21

What can be done about war?

Answer 21

In post-conflict situations, the UN has changed its approach from simply peacekeeping to nation/state-building:

• Restore the capacity of failed states to ensure law and order
• Enforceable code of laws
• A functioning court system
• Training of a new police body
• Reconstruction of political and administrative institutions
• Democratic reforms
• Economic assistance

Question 22

Terrorism

Answer 22

the unlawful use of violence and intimidation against civilians to send a political message

Question 23

Extremists

Answer 23

a person who holds extreme political/religious view and resorts and advocates extreme action

violence, extreme messages