chapter 8 vocab

Question 1

earth centered/a system of planetary motion which the sun, moon and other planets revolve around it

Answer 1

Geocentric Theory

Question 2

sun-centered; the system of the universe in which the Earth and planets revolve around the sun

Answer 2

Heliocentric Theory

Question 3

a system of thought expounded by René Descartes based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge

Answer 3

Rationalism

Question 4

a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence that was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world

Answer 4

scientific method

Question 5

the doctrine that scientists should proceed from the particular to the general by making systematic observations and carefully organized experiments to test hypotheses or theories, a process that will lead to correct general principles

Answer 5

Inductive reasoning

Question 6

the theory that says knowledge is achieved through observation

Answer 6

empiricism

Question 7

French for “philosopher”; applied to all intellectuals during the Enlightenment

Answer 7

philosophe

Question 8

a form of government in which the executive, legislative, and judicial branches limit and control each other through a system of checks and balances

Answer 8

Separation of powers

Question 9

an eighteenth-century religious philosophy based on reason and natural law

Answer 9

Deism

Question 10

the concept that the state should not impose government regulations but should leave the economy

Answer 10

Laissez faire

Question 11

the concept that an entire society agrees to be governed by its general will and all individuals should be forced to abide by it since it represents what is best for the entire community

Answer 11

Social Contract

Question 12

the elegant urban drawing rooms where, in the eighteenth century, writers, artists, aristocrats, government officials, and wealthy middle-class people gathered to discuss the ideas of the philosophes

Answer 12

Salon

Question 13

an artistic style that replaced baroque in the 1730s; it was highly secular, emphasizing grace, charm, and gentle action

Answer 13

Rococo

Question 14

a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers

Answer 14

Enlightened Absolutism

Question 15

a principle where a government is created by and subject to the will of the people

Answer 15

Popular Sovereignty

Question 16

a form of government in which power is shared between the national and state governments

Answer 16

Federal System

Question 17

an alteration proposed or effected by parliamentary or constitutional procedure

Answer 17

Amendment