chapter 8 - unification of china

Question 1

Sima Qian

Answer 1

1) chinese historian

2) was castrated by the emperor because he spoke in defense of a dishonored general which went against the emperor

Question 2

Eunuchs

Answer 2

1) castrated (no testicles) guards at the palace

2) to prevent the guards from getting with the emperor’s women

Question 3

Confucianism (Founder)

Answer 3

1) Kong Fuzi (confucius)
2) master philosopher, thinker, teacher
3) addressed political and social order; ideas clashed with state policy

Question 4

Confucianism (Book)

Answer 4

1) the analects

2) compiled by his students

Question 5

Confucianism (Ideas)

Answer 5

1) fundamentally moral and ethical in character
2) thoroughly practical: how to restore political and social order
3) concentrated on the formation of junzi (“superior individuals”)
4) edited and compiled the zhou classics for his disciples to study

Question 6

Confucianism (Values)

Answer 6

1) Ren: a sense of humanity, kindness, benevolence
2) Li: a sense of propriety, courtesy, respect to elders
3) Xiao: filial piety, familial obligation
4) Junzi: “superior individual”, took a broad view of public affairs and did not allow personal interests to influence their judgements

Question 7

Mencius

Answer 7

1) spokesman for the confucian school
2) believed in the goodness of human nature (ren)
3) advocated government by benevolence and humanity

Question 8

Xunzi

Answer 8

1) had a less positive view of human nature
2) believed that humans selfishly pursue own interests
3) preferred harsh social discipline to bring order to society
4) advocated moral education and good public behavior

Question 9

Daoism (Founder)

Answer 9

1) sage named Laozi

2) allegedly wrote the Daodejing

Question 10

Daoism (Book)

Answer 10

1) Daodejing (basic exposition of Daoist beliefs)

2) classic on the way and virtue

Question 11

Daoism (Beliefs)

Answer 11

1) critics of confucianism
2) passivism, rejection of active attempts to change the course of events
3) argues that political society corrupts human beings
4) human nature is generally good (“ noble savages”)
5) before society humans lived in harmony with nature, did not force themselves on nature
6) daoists allow small, self sufficient communities

Question 12

Daoism (Important Concepts)

Answer 12

1) the dao: or the way - referring to the fact that all living things have a natural path and shouldn’t be disturbed
2) the wuwei: the principle of inaction or detachment from political, social, and economic activities that alter nature

Question 13

Legalism (Founder)

Answer 13

1) Xunzi
2) Lord Shang
3) Han Feizi

Question 14

Legalism (Books)

Answer 14

1) The Book of Lord Shang

Question 15

Legalism (Beliefs)

Answer 15

1) order returned to china after the third school of thought
2) promoted a practical and ruthlessly efficient approach to statecraft
3) devoted attention exclusively to the state, which they sought to expand and straighten at all costs

Question 16

Legalist Doctrine

Answer 16

1) reasoned that foundation of state’s were agriculture and armed forces
2) imposed strict legal regimen
3) believed that if people feared to make small crimes, they would hesitate even more to make big ones
4) established the principle of collective responsibility before the law
5) these things didn’t win much popularity