Chapter 8 - Transport in Mammals Flashcards
What is the function of the elastic layer in the blood vessels?
To stretch and recoil to withstand pressures and smooth out blood flow.
What is the function of smooth muscle?
varying blood flow
What is the function of smooth endothelium?
To reduce friction and ease flow of blood
What is the function of arterioles?
To feed blood into the capillaries
What are the three main layers of every blood vessel?
Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima
Where is the site of metabolic exchange?
capillaries
What is the name of the pressure that is created when blood is being pumped?
Hydrostatic pressure
What is systemic circulation?
The circulation between the heart and the rest of the body.
What are the main functions of muscle artery and elastic artery?
Muscle artery can undergo vasoconstriction and vasodilation, and elastic artery can stretch in response to each impulse
What are the main structures of muscle artery and elastic artery?
Muscle artery has a tunica media that is mainly composed of smooth muscle and the later has one that mainly consists of elastic fibres
How are red blood cells adapted to carry oxygen?
Biconcave shape which increases surface are for maximum rate of diffusion, and no nucleus present to allow maximum number of haemoglobin.
When one oxygen binds with haemoglobin, what is the name of the process that helps the rest to bind easier?
Cooperative binding
What is the chloride shift? And how does it work?
Its the movement of ions into the red blood cells that occurs when when hydrogen carbonate ions are formed. When carbonate ions are transported out of the red blood cell, chlorine ions are transported in via the same transport protein.
Why does the chloride shift occur?
To prevent an electrical imbalance
What’s the name of a haemoglobin that is bound with a hydrogen ion during the Bohr shift?
haemoglobinic acid
Why does the oxygen dissociation curve level off in the end?
It takes longer for the fourth oxygen to bind due to the shortage of remaining binding site
what factors will move the oxygen dissociation curve to the right?
Increase in carbon dioxide, increase in acidity, increase in temperature, increase in 2,4-DPG, and exercise
What is the name of the sac that protects the heart in the chest?
Pericardium
What’s the name of the portion that separates the atrium?
interatrial septum
What is the name of the valve that separates the right atria and ventricle?
Tricuspid valve
What is the name of the valve that separates the left atria and ventricle?
Bicuspid valve
What is the valve that separates the aorta and and left ventricle?
Aortic valve
Which vessels bring blood to the heart cells?
Coronary arteries
What is the name of the contraction of the heart?
systole
How many seconds are between atrial systole and ventricular systole?
around 0.13s
How many seconds are between systole and diastole?
0.8 seconds
Which vessels are open during diastole?
Atrioventricular
What is a description of the heartbeat of the heart?
myogenic, pumps without external stimulus
What node starts systole? And where is it?
Sinoatrial node (SAN). A group of cells in the right atrium
What is the region of non-conductive tissue called?
Annulus fibrosus
What is the role of AVN (atrioventricular node)?
It should send electrical impulses down the bundle of HIS and it goes up two purkinje fibres after a brief delay
Which gas binds to a different place in the haemoglobin than every other gas?
Carbon dioxide
What causes the first sound of the beating of the heart?
The atrioventricular valves closing when the ventricles contract
