Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psyc231 exam 3 > Chapter 8: The social group > Flashcards

Chapter 8: The social group Flashcards

1
Q

What is entitativity?

A

The feature of a group that makes it appear a distinct unit that is bound together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are intimacy groups?

A

Groups that are closely tied together (family).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are task groups?

A

Groups that come together temporarily to achieve a specific goal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a common bond group?

A

Groups in which the members have close personal bonds within the group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a common identity group?

A

Groups in which the members have close personal ties to the group itself.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are collectives and aggregates?

A

People who share some connection, but there is no psychological value to the connection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a widely acknowledged definition of a group accepted by social psychologists?

A

Two or more individuals in face-to-face interaction, each aware of his or her membership in the group, each aware of the others who belong to the group, and each aware of their positive interdependence as they strive to achieve mutual goals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some key features of groups?

A

Group members are interdependent, follow norms or rules of behaviour, and typically join together to meet a common objective.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the textbook definition of groups?

A

Two or more people who define themselves as a group (having a sense of “us”) and who are recognized by at least one other person.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an ingroup?

A

Term used to describe groups we belong to.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an outgroup?

A

Term used to describe groups we do not belong to.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the five steps of group formation? (Tuckman)

A

Forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is forming?

A

Individuals hope to be accepted by others and avoid conflict or controversy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is storming?

A

Everyone in the group now knows one another the group begins to address issues. Characterized by conflict.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is norming?

A

The rules of engagement are established, roles and responsibilities are agreed, and conflict has been addressed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is performing?

A

Everyone in the group knows each other will enough to trust one another and work together or independently.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is adjourning?

A

The group completes the task and disengages.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is group socialization?

A

The process of groups as a whole and group members coming together to meet each other’s needs and accomplish goals over time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the steps of group socialization? (Moreland and Levine)

A

Investigation, socialization, maintenance, resocialization, remembrance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the investigation phase?

A

An individual is a prospective member of the group; engages in reconnaissance. The group engages in recruitment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the socialization phase?

A

The individual is now a member and the group attempts to assimilate the person into the group. The person tries to accommodate to the group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is divestiture?

A

When a group tries to strip away too much of an individual’s previous identity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is investiture?

A

When a group embraces and values its members’ previous identities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the maintenance phase?

A

The individual is now an accepted member of the group and negotiates roles and duties.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the resocialization phase?

A

When a member fails to properly assimilate in the group, the group attempts to reassimilate the person, and the person tries to reaccommodate to the group. Failure in this phase means exit from the group.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the remembrance phase?

A

An individual remembers being part of the group, and the group integrates the memory of the person as part of its tradition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the Anderson, Riddle & Martin model of group socialization?

A

Antecedent phase, anticipatory phase, encounter phase, assimilation phase, exit phase.

28
Q

Explain the relationship between initiation tasks and their relationship to the group. (Gerard & Matthewson)

A

A more severe initiation (such as a severe shock) will make a group look more attractive if the initiation is related to the group. When the task is unrelated, a milder shock will make the group more attractive.

29
Q

What are socialization outcomes?

A

These relate to how members of the group feel about how they functioned to reach the group’s purpose. The most prominent outcome is group cohesion.

30
Q

What is group cohesion?

A

The extent to which a group holds people to one another (and the group as a whole), which gives the group a sense of unity and commonality.

31
Q

What are social norms?

A

Uniformities of behaviour and attitudes that determine, organize and differentiate groups from other groups.

32
Q

What is a breaching experiment? (Milgram)

A

A technique that seeks to examine people’s reactions to violations of common social norms.

33
Q

Explain the difference between explicit and implicit norms.

A

Explicit norms are clearly stated: “Do not litter”. Implicit norms are those that are not stated yet still expected (don’t wear pyjamas to the store).

34
Q

What are frames of reference (normative)?

A

The range of possible positions, attitudes or behaviours that people could adopt in a given situation. People use these frames of reference to guide their own thoughts and actions.

35
Q

What are some characteristics of norms?

A

Enforced, internalized, fixed, consensus, activated, heuristics.

36
Q

What is an enforced norm?

A

Norms that are adhered to to get rewards and avoid punishment.

37
Q

What is an internalized norm?

A

When we believe a norm to be right/moral.

38
Q

What is a fixed norm?

A

When we become part of a group, its norms become part of us.

39
Q

How does consensus influence norms?

A

Seeing others perform a particular behaviour makes the behaviour look like the appropriate thing to do.

40
Q

What are activated norms?

A

The more we interact with members of the group, the more we are exposed to group norms.

41
Q

How do norms act as heuristics?

A

Awareness of group norms gives us something to fall back on so we know how to behave.

42
Q

What are social roles?

A

Expectations shared by group members about how particular people in the group are supposed to behave.

43
Q

What is status?

A

Shared evaluations of the “prestige” of roles within a group, the members of the group, or the group as a whole.

44
Q

What are diffuse status characteristics?

A

Attributes not directly relevant to the group task but positively valued by society.

45
Q

What are specific status characteristics?

A

Attributes directly relevant to the group task.

46
Q

What is system justification theory?

A

Theory that people’s dependence on social systems for wealth and security motivates them to justify these social systems and see them as fair.

47
Q

What is social creativity?

A

Strategies that group members engage in to maintain the esteem of the group.

48
Q

What are marginal group members?

A

People who deviate too far from prototypical group members and group norms.

49
Q

What is the black sheep effect?

A

Derogation of deviant or marginal group members.

Group members are harsher on marginal ingroup members than outgroup members in general.

50
Q

What is the necessary condition for the black sheep effect?

A

When members feel uncertain about the superiority of the group.

51
Q

What is the intergroup sensitivity effect?

A

The tendency to prefer criticism to come from within the group than from an outsider.

52
Q

What are impostors?

A

People who threaten the group by fraudulently claiming to be members.

53
Q

What is a schism?

A

A group divides into subgroups that differ usually in terms of their attitudes or values.

54
Q

What are subgroups?

A

Smaller groups nested within a larger group.

55
Q

What are cross-cutting categories?

A

Subgroups that represent categories that have members outside the immediate larger group.

56
Q

What are the functions of groups?

A

Interdependence, need for affiliation, terror management, need for social identity, optimal distinctiveness, ostracism.

57
Q

What are opinion-based groups?

A

Groups that are formed around shared opinions.

58
Q

What is terror management theory?

A

Theory proposing that human awareness of death creates a constant source of existential anguish that must be dealt with.

59
Q

What is social identity?

A

The aspect of our self/identity that is determined by our group memberships.

60
Q

What is social identity theory?

A

The theory of group membership and intergroup relations arguing that personal identities and group memberships complete people’s sense of self.

61
Q

What is a prototype?

A

Fuzzy sets of characteristics that define a group and distinguish it from other groups.

62
Q

What is self-categorization?

A

Cognitive process of categorizing oneself as a group member.

63
Q

What is subjective uncertainty?

A

Uncertainty about who we are and what we are supposed to do, which is alleviated by identification with groups.

64
Q

What is optimal distinctiveness?

A

People like to feel unique as individuals, but at the same time they feel the need to affiliate with others. They need to find the optimal balance between these needs.

65
Q

What are the eight strategies that people use to find optimal distinctiveness?

A
  • Identify with a numerically distinct group
  • Identify with a subgroup
  • Identify with a non-mainstream group
  • Enhance the distinctiveness of one’s group
  • Differentiate oneself within a group through roles
  • Identify with a group that prescribes individualism
  • See oneself as loyal but not conformist
  • See oneself as more normative than other group members
66
Q

What is social ostracism?

A

Being excluded from a group by the consensus of the group.

67
Q

Why is ostracism so terrifying?

A

Social exclusion is perceived as painful because the way people react to rejection is directly influenced by aspects of the physical pain system.

Psyc231 exam 3 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions