Chapter 8: The Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards
1
Q
What do our 2 pectoral girdles do?
A
Attach the bones of upper limbs to the axial skeleton
2
Q
What do our pectoral girdles consist of?
A
A clavicle and scapula
3
Q
What does the clavicle articulate with?
A
Clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint
4
Q
What does the scapula articulate with?
A
Scapula articulates with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint and with the humerous at the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
5
Q
How is the acromioclavicular joint formed?
A
Acromial end of clavicle articulates with the acromion to form the acromioclavicular joint
6
Q
What is the conoid tubercle?
A
A point of attachment for the conoid ligament which attacges the clavicle and scapula
7
Q
What is the function of the inferior surface of the sternal end
A
Point of attachment for the costoclavicular ligament, which attaches the clavicle and first rib
8
Q
Where is the scapula located?
A
Between the levels of the 2nd and 7the rib
9
Q
Where is the acromion? What does it articulate with?
A
Highest point in the shoulder. Tailors measure the length of the upper limb from the acromion . Articulates with the acromial end of the clavicle to form the acromioclavicular joint
10
Q
What is the glenoid cavity?
A
Inferior to acromion, shallow depression. Accepts the head of the humerous to form the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
11
Q
What is the medial (vertebral) border?
A
Thin edge of the scapula closer to the vertebral column
12
Q
What is the lateral (axillary) border?
A
Thick edge of scapula closer to the arm
13
Q
Where do the medial and lateral borders join?
A
At the inferior angle
14
Q
What is the superior border?
A
Superior edge of scapula. Joins the medial border at the superior angle.
15
Q
What’s the scapular notch?
A
Where the suprascapular nerve pases
16
Q
What is the coracoid process?
A
At lateral end of superior border. Tendons of muscles (pectoralis minor, coracobrachialis, and biceps brachii) and ligaments (coracoacromial, conoid, and trapezoid) attach
17
Q
What is the supraspinous fossa?
A
Posterior surface of scapula. Surface of attachment for the supraspinoud muscle of the shoulder
18
Q
What is the infraspinous fossa?
A
Posterior surface of scapula. Surface of attachment for the infraspinatus muscle of the shoulder
19
Q
What’s the subscapular fossa?
A
Anterior surface of scapula. Surface of attachment for the subscapularis muscle
20
Q
Each upper limb has 3 bones in 3 locations. What are they?
A
1) Humerus in the arm
2) Radius and ulna in the forearm
3) 8 carpals in the carpus (wrist), 5 metacarpals in the metacarpus (palm) and 14 phalanges in the hand
21
Q
What does the humerus articulate with?
A
Articulates proximally with the scapula and distally with the radius and ulna to form the elbow joint
22
Q
How is the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint formed?
A
Head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral joint
23
Q
Where is the intertubercular sulcus?
A
In between the lesser and greater tubercle
24
Q
What is the surgical neck?
A
A constribtion in the humerus where the head tapers to the shaft
25
What is the deltoid tuberosity?
Middle part of the shaft, V shaped. Serves as a point of attachment for tendons of the deltoid muscle
26
What is the radial groove?
Runs along the deltoid tuberosity and contains the radial nerve
27
What is the capitulum?
Articulates with head of radius
28
What is the radial fossa?
Anterior depression above capitulum that articulates with the had of the radius when the forearm is flexed (bent)
29
What is the trochlea?
Spool-shaped surface that articulates with the troclear notch of the ulna
30
What is the coronoid fossa?
Receives the coronoid process of the ulna when the forearm is flexed
31
What is the olecranon fossa?
Receives the olecranon of the ulna when forearm is extended (straightened)
32
What are the medial and lateral epicondyles?
Rough projections on either side of the distal end of the humerus. Where tendons of most muscles of the forearm attach.
33
What is the ulna nerve?
The one that makes you feel severe pain when you hit your elbow.
34
Where is the ulna located?
On the little finger side and longer than the radius
35
What forms the prominence of the elbow?
Olecranon
36
What does the coronoid process articulate with?
The trochlea of the humerus
37
Where is the trochlear notch and what does it form?
Between the olecranon and coronoid process. Forms part of the elbow joint
38
What does the radial notch articulate with?
The head of the radius
39
What attaches to the ulnar tuberosity?
Biceps brachii muscle
40
What does the styloid process do?
Provides attachment for the ulnar collateral ligament to the wrist
41
Briefly describe the radius
Smaller bone of forearm. Thumb side widens at distal end
42
What does the head of the radius articulate with?
Articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and radial notch of ulna
43
What attaches to the radial tuberosity?
Tendons of the biceps brachii muscle
44
What does the ulnar notch articulate with?
Head of ulna
45
What does the styloid process of the radius do?
Provides attachment for brachioradialis muscle and for attachment of the radial collateral ligament to the wrist
46
The ulna and radius articulate with the humerus at 2 places at the elbow joint. What are these 2 places?
1) Where the head of the radius articulates with capitulum of humerus and 2) where the trochlear notch of the ulna articulate with trochlea of the humerus
47
Ulna and radius connect at 3 sites. What are these 3 sites?
The broad flat fibrous connective tissue (interossous membrane) joins the shafts of the 2 bones.
1) Head of radius articulats with ulna's radial notch. This articulate is the proximal RADIOULNAR JOINT.
2) Head of ulna articulates with ulnar notch of radius (DISTAL RADIOULNAR JOINT)
3) Distal end of radius articulates with 3 bones in the wrist - the lunate, the scaphoid and the triquestrum - to form the RADIOCARPAL (WRIST) JOINT
48
How many bones makeup the carpals?
8 small bones joined together by ligaments
49
What are the 8 small bones?
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform (carpals in proximal row... forms wrist joint), and Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, and Hamate (Distal row). Mnemonic: Stop Letting Those People Touch The Cadaver's Hand
50
Describe the Capitate
Largest carpal bone... articulates with lunate
51
What is the carpal tunnel?
Anterior concave space formed by the pisiform and hamate, and the scaphoid and trapezium. Flexor tendons of the digits and thumb and median nerve pass through the carpal tunnel. Carpal tunnel syndrome is a narrowing of the carpal tunnel (ie due to inflamation)
52
Briefly describe the metacarpals
5 bones. Base, shaft and head. Base articulates with distal row of carpal bones to form the CARPALMETACARPAL JOINT. Heads articulate with the phalanges to form the METACARPOPHALANGEAL JOINTS
53
How many phalanges are there?
14 phalanges in 5 digits on each hand
54
What is the phalanx?
Single bone of a digit.
55
What are the interphalangeal joints?
Joints between phalanges
56
What forms the pubic symphysis?
There are 2 hip bones (coxis) that unite anteriorly to form the joint called pubic symphysis
57
What are the sacrioliac Joints?
The hip bones unite posteriorly with the sacrum to form the sacrioliac joints
58
What is the function of the bony pelvis?
Provides a strong and stable support for vertebral column and pelvic and lower abdominal organs. Connects bones of lower limbs to axial skeleton.
59
What are the 3 bones in each hip bone?
A superior ilium, an inferior and anterior pubis, and an inferior and posterior ischium. They are separated by cartilage in newborns but fuse by age 23
60
Briefly describe the ilium
Largest, composed of superior ala and an inferior body
61
Ilium: What is the iliac crest?
Superior border of ilium
62
Ilium: What are the spines of the ilium?
Anterior superior iliac spine, anterior inferior iliac spine, posterior superior iliac spine, posterior inferior iliac spine
63
What is a hip pointer?
Bruising of the anterior superior iliac spine and associated soft tissues
64
What is the function of the iliac spines?
Serve as a point of attachment for the tendons of the muscles of the trunk, hip, and thighs.
65
What is the greater sciatic notch?
Where the sciatic nerve passes along with other nerves and muscles
66
What is the iliac fossa?
Cavity where the tendon of the iliac muscle attaches
67
What is the iliac tuberosity?
A point of attachment for the sacroiliac artery
68
What is the Auricular surface?
Articulates with the sacrum to form the sacroiliac joint
69
What are the 3 arched lines on the lateral surface of the ilium and what do they do?
The posterior gluteal line, anterior gluteal line and inferior gluteal line. The gluteal muscles attach to the ilium between these lines
70
Briefly describe the ischium
Inferior, posterior portion of hip bone. Has a superior body and inferior ramus. Ramus fuses with pubis. Has a ischial spine, lesser sciatic notch and ischial tuberosity
71
Briefly describe the pubis of the hip bone
Anterior and inferior part of hip bone. Superior ramus, inferior ramus and body between the rami make up the pubis
72
What is the pectineal line of the pubis?
The beginning is the pubic tubercle. Important landmark for distinguishing the superior (false) and inferior (true) portions of the bony pelvis.
73
How is the pubic arch formed?
The inferior rami of the 2 public bones converge to form the pubic arch
74
What's the acetabulum?
Deep fossa formed by the ilium, ischium and pubis. It's the socket that accepts the rounded head of the femur. The acetabulum together with the femoral head form the hip (coxal) joint
75
What is the pelvic brim?
Boundary that divides the bony pelvis into superior and inferior parts
76
Briefly describe the obturator foramen
Largest foramen in skeleton. Surrounded by the ramus and pubis. Nearly totally enclosed by the fibrous obturator membran
77
Where is the false (greater) pelvis?
Portion of the bony pelvis superior to the pelvic brim. Bordered by the lumbar vert posteriorly, upper portions of the hip bone laterally, and abdominal wall anteriorly
78
What organs are cntaining in the space enclosed by the false pelvis?
Part of the lower abdomen (contains superior part of the bladder, lower intestines and, in females, the uterus, ovaries and uterine tubes)
79
What is the true (lesser) pelvis?
Inferior to pelvic brim. Has a pelvic INLET and pelvic OUTLET cavity. Bounded by sacrum and coccyx posteriorly, inferior portions of the ilium and ischium laterally, and pubic bones anteriorly. Surrounds pelvic cavity.
80
What organs does the true cavity contain?
Rectum, bladder, vagina and cervix in females, and prostate in males
81
Where is the pelvic inlet?
Bordered by the pelvic brim.
82
Where is the pelvic outlet?
Inferior opening of the true pelvis. Covered by muscle at floor of pelvis
83
What is the pelvic axis?
An imaginary line through the true pelvis from the central point of the pelvic inlet to the central point of the outlet.
84
What are some adaptations for birth in female pelvis?
Female pelvis is wider and shallower than a male's. More space in true pelvis of a female, especially in the pelvic inlet and outlet (to accomodate infant head)
85
Lower limb has 30 bones in 4 locations. What are these locations?
1) Femur in thigh
2) Patella
3) Tibia and fibula in leg
4) 7 tarsals in the tarsus, 5 metatarsals in the metatarsus, and 14 phalanges
86
What is the femur and what does it articulate with?
Thigh bone. Proximal end Articulates with acetabulum of the hip bone. Distal end articulates with the tibia and patella
87
What is the Fovea capitis?
The head contains a small central depression (pit) called the fovea capitis. The ligament of the head of the femur connects the fovea capitis to the acetabulum of the hip bone
88
What attaches to the greater trochanter and lesser trochanter of the femur?
They serve as points of attachment for the tendons of some of the thigh and buttocks muscles
89
What does the gluteal tuberosity and linea aspera?
Gluteal tuberosity blends into another vertical ridge called the linea aspera. Both ridges serve as attachment points for tendons of several thigh muscles
90
What do the medial and lateral condyles of the femur articulate with?
The medial and lateral condyles of the tibia
91
What attaches to the medial and lateral epicondyles?
Where ligaments of the knee joint attach
92
What is the adductor tubercle?
Superior to the medial epicondyle and is the site of attachment of adductor magnus muscle
93
What are the 2 main parts of the patella?
Base (broad proximal end) and apex (pointed distal end). Posterior surface contains 2 articular facets, one for the medial and one for the lateral condyle of femur
94
What is the patellafemoral joint?
Between the posterior surface of the patella and the patellar surface of the femur. It is the intermediate component of the tibiofemoral (knee) joint of the patella. Functions: Increases leverage of the tendon of the quadriceps, femoris muscle, maintains position of the tendon when the knee is bent (flexed) and protects the knee joint
95
What does the tibia articulate with?
The fibula and femur at its proximal end and the talus and fibula at distal end. Medial and lateral condyles of tibia articulate with the medial and lateral condyles of the femur to form the TIBIOFEMORAL (knee) JOINTS
96
What attaches to the tibial tuberosity?
Point of attachment for the patellar ligament
97
What is the anterior border (crest) or shin?
Continuous with tibial tuberosity. Sharp ridge felt under the skin
98
What's the medial malleolus?
Distal end of the tibia. Articulates with talus of the ankle and forms the prominence that can be felt
99
What's the fibular notch?
Articulates with the distal end of the fibula to form the DISTAL TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT
100
What's the fibula?
Small. Doesn't articulate with femur. Helps stabalize ankle joint. Head articulates with inferior surface of the lateral condyle of tibia to form the PROXIMAL TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT. Distal end has a projection called the LATERAL MALLEOLUS that articulates with the talus of the ankle (forms the prominence on lateral surface of ankle). Articulates with the tibia at the fibular notch to form the DISTAL TIBIOFIBULAR JOINT
101
What are the 7 tarsal bones that are part of the tarsus?
Talus and calcanous (posterior part of food) and navicular, 3 cuneiform bones (third, second, and first cuneiforms),and cuboid (anterior part of foot)
102
What is the ONLY bone in the foot that articulates with tibia and fibula?
Tarsus. Articulates with the medial mallaolus and tibia and lateral malleolus of fibula to form the TALOCRURAL JOINT (ankle joint)
103
How many metatarsal bones are there and what do they articulate with?
The metatarsus is made up of 5 bones (numberes 1-V) and articulates proximally with the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, cuneiform bones and with the cuboid to form the TARSOMETATARSAL JOINTS. Distally they articulates with the proximal row of phalanges to form the METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINTS
104
What is the distal part of the foot called?
Phalanges
105
What are the functions of the arches in the foot?
Allows the foot to support body weight, provide idea distribution of weight over soft and hard tissues in foot, and provide leverage while walking. Stores energy for the next step and absorbs energy
106
What are the 2 parts of longitudinal arches of the foot?
1) Medial part: Originates in the calcaneous, rises to talus and descends through navicular, 3 cuneiforms, and heads of the 3 medial metatarsals.
2) Lateral part: Begins at the calcaneus, rises at the cuboid and descends to the heads of the 2 lateral metatarsals
107
Where is the transverse arch of the foot and what is it formed by?
Between the medial and lateral aspects of the foot. Formed by the naviclavular, 3 cuneiforms and bases of 5 metatarsals.
108
Where does the skeleton of the skull come from?
Most skeletal tissue comes from mesenchymal cells (connective tissue that comes form the mesoderm). But much of the skeleton of the skull coms from the ectoderm
109
WHat forms in the 4th week after fertilization?
The skull begins to form
110
What are the 2 major parts of the mesenchyme that form the skull?
1) Neurocranium (mesodermal) forms bones of skull
| 2) VIscerocranium (ectodermal) forms bones of face
111
The Neurocranium is divided into 2 parts. What are these 2 parts?
1) Cartilaginous neurocranium: Hyaline cartilage developed from mesenchyme at the base... underges endochondral ossification to form bones of skull
2) Membranous neurocranium: Mesenchyme and later undergoes intramembranous ossification to form flat bones that make up the roof and sides of skull.
112
The viscerocranium is divided into 2 parts. What are these parts?
1) Cartilaginous ossification: derived from the cartilage of first 2 pharyngeal arches. Endochondral ossification form the earbones and hyoid bone.
2) Membranous viscerocranium Derived from mesenchyme in first pharyngeal arch and forms facial bones (via intramembranous ossification)
113
Where do the vertebrae and ribs come from during development?
Cube shaped masses of mesoder, called SOMITES
114
Where does the sternum and ribs come from?
In the thoracic region processes from the vertebrae develop into ribs. The sternum comes from mesoderm
115
At the middle of the 4th week during fetal development what happen to the limbs?
Upper limb buds (and 2 days later lower limb buds) develop and consist of mesenchyme covered by the ectoderm
116
By the 6th week of fetal development what happens to the limbs?
Limb buds develop a constriction around the middle portion which produces flattened distal segments of upper and lower buds called HAND PLATES and FOOT PLATES
