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Politics Paper 1 > Chapter 8- The EU > Flashcards

Chapter 8- The EU Flashcards

1
Q

development of the European Union- what does supranational mean?

A

having authority independent of national governments

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2
Q

development of the European Union- when was the European Coal and Steel community established?

A

1952

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3
Q

development of the European Union- what did the European Coal and Steel community establish?

A

founding members France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, The Netherlands and Luxembourg- supranational organisation

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4
Q

development of the European Union- when was the European Economic Community formed?

A

1958

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5
Q

development of the European Union- what did the European Economic Community involve?

A

The ‘Six’ founding members of the European Coal and Steel Community formed the EEC under the Treaty of Rome (1957)

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6
Q

development of the European Union- what followed the EEC in 1962 and further 1968?

A

1962- Common Agricultural Policy and 1968- customs union followed when internal tariff barriers were removed and a common external tariff was created

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7
Q

development of the European Union- who joined the EEC in 1973?

A

UK, Ireland and Denmark

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8
Q

development of the European Union- who joined the EEC in 1981 and 1986?

A

1981- Greece 1986- Spain and Portugal

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9
Q

development of the European Union- when was the single European act agreed and when did it come into force?

A

1985 then came into force in 1987

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10
Q

development of the European Union- what did the single European Act agree?

A

created the single European market and prompted a greater community role in social and regional policy. Unanimity was replaced by qualified majority voting on single market legislation

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11
Q

development of the European Union- what is unanimity?

A

a voting arrangement in which all states must be in agreement for a proposal to be passed

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12
Q

development of the European Union- what is qualified majority voting?

A

a voting arrangement in which proposals must win a set number of votes (over 50%) to be approved

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13
Q

development of the European Union- when was the Maastricht treaty agreed and when did it come into force?

A

agreed in 1991 and came into force in 1993

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14
Q

development of the European Union- what did the Maastricht treaty involve?

A

it created the European Union and set a timetable for economic and monetary union- also increased intergovernmental cooperation in foreign and security policy, and in justice and home affairs

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15
Q

development of the European Union- when did the Amsterdam treaty become established and enforced?

A

1997 and came into force in 1999

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16
Q

development of the European Union- what did the Amsterdam Treaty establish?

A

established an area of ‘ freedom, security and justice’

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17
Q

development of the European Union- when was the economic and monetary union established?

A

1999

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18
Q

development of the European Union- what did the economic and monetary union establish?

A

eleven states abolished their national currencies and adopted the euro . the Eurozone expanded to 19 states by 2016

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19
Q

development of the European Union- when was the Nice treaty established and enforced?

A

agreed in 2001 and enforced in 2003

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20
Q

development of the European Union- what did the Nice Treaty establish?

A

created a European scrutiny and defence policy and introduced institutional reforms

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21
Q

development of the European Union- what 10 states joined the EU in 2004?

A

Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia

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22
Q

development of the European Union- when did EU membership reach 28 states ?

A

after Bulgaria and Romania joined in 2007, Croatia, 2013

23
Q

development of the European Union- when was the Lisbon Treaty agreed and when did it come into force?

A

agreed in 2007 and came into force in 2009

24
Q

development of the European Union- what did the Lisbon treaty agree?

A

followed the rejection of the EU constitutional Treaty in referendums in France and the Netherlands

25
Q

development of the European Union- when was the sovereign foreign debt crisis and what did it involve?

A

2009- after running up large debts, Greece, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, and Cyprus were bailed out by the EU and International Monetary Fund- required austerity measures

26
Q

development of the European Union- when was the migrant crisis and what did it involve?

A

Large numbers of people began crossing the Mediterranean of travelling through Southern Europe to reach countries of the EU. Thousands have died (1.2 million in 2015) had limited impact

27
Q

development of the European Union- what happened in 2016 and further 2020?

A

UK voted for a referendum and moved into the transition stage of leaving the EU

28
Q

what are the six aims of the European Union set out in Article 3 of the treaty?

A

promoting peace and the EU’s values, establishing a single EU market, promoting economic, social and territorial cohesion, establishing an economic and monetary union, establishing area of freedom, security and justice and combating discrimination and promoting equality

29
Q

aims of the EU: what are the EU’s values?

A

‘human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, rule of law, and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to the minorities

30
Q

aims of the EU: what has been achieved in the aim of the EU’s values?

A

it has helped embed democracy in states that have recently been under authoritarian or communist rule

31
Q

aims of the EU: how have Eurosceptic approached the EU’s values?

A

claim that the EU has ignored popular concerns about integration. They believe the democracy is rooted in the nation state

32
Q

aims of the EU: what does the aim of a single European market aim to achieve?

A

the four freedoms involve: free movement of goods, services, people and capital

33
Q

aims of the EU: what has been achieved in the aim of a single European market?

A

it has been estimated to create more than 2.5 million jobs across the EU and raise GDP by 15%

34
Q

aims of the EU: what are the suspected failures of the single European market?

A

some sectors (energy and public procurement) have proved difficult to open up and critics note that EU regulations are costly for small and medium sized enterprises alongside financial services

35
Q

aims of the EU: in 2014, what were the facts and figures of European migration and the UK?

A

in 2014, 268,000 citizens of other EU states moved to the UK, while 98,000 emigrated from the UK. At that time, 2.5 million EU citizens resided in the UK, with Poland being the main country and 1.8 million citizens UK citizens resided elsewhere in the EU

36
Q

aims of the EU: what is the aim economic, social and territorial cohesion?

A

the creation of the single market prompted a greater EU role in social, employment and regional policy- objective is to reduce disparities

37
Q

aims of the EU: how has the aim of economic, social and territorial cohesion been achieved?

A

EU promotes employment, social protection and workers rights

38
Q

aims of the EU: how have the aims of the EU not been achieved through economic, social, territorial cohesion?

A

EU economic and social policy has been criticized by the right for imposing costs on businesses and not doing enough to improve competitiveness and by far left for imposing public spending cuts and failing to tackle inequality

39
Q

aims of the EU: what is involved in the aim to create an economic and monetary union?

A

states that meet the Maastricht Treaty’s ‘convergence criteria’ can abolish their national currencies and replace them with the Euro- European central bank implements monetary policy for the Eurozone

40
Q

aims of the EU: what 11 states joined the monetary union in 1999?

A

Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain and Portugal

41
Q

aims of the EU: who opted out joining the monetary union?

A

UK and Denmark

42
Q

aims of the EU: what states and when by 2016, where part of the monetary union?

A

by 2016, 19 out of 28 states were in the Eurozone Greece (2001), Slovenia (2007), Cyprus and Malta (2008), Slovakia (2009), Estonia (2011), Latvia (2014) and Lithuania (2015)

43
Q

aims of the EU: what benefits have the monetary union bring to the EU?

A

end exchange rate uncertainty, created new funds to bail out five member states and required them to cut public spending and 2012 fiscal treaty established stricter rules and sanction on budget deficits

44
Q

aims of the EU: what negatives are there to the monetary union?

A

a loss of sovereignty and the ‘one size fits all policy on interest rates may not suit all states

45
Q

aims of the EU: what is the aim of an area of freedom, security and justice?

A

EU citizens enjoy freedom of movement- requires common measures on issues such as external border controls, asylum and immigration, criminal justice etc

46
Q

aims of the EU: what is the aim of combating discrimination and promoting equality?

A

EU citizens have the right to move to other member states to work or reside- they can require permanent residence after they have lived their legally for five years.

47
Q

aims of the EU: what are the positives of promoting equality?

A

extends workers rights by limiting working hours, improving health and safety, and prohibiting discrimination in the workplace

48
Q

aims of the EU: when was the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights proclaimed and what did it involve?

A

2000- became legally binding within the Lisbon Treaty. - entrenches rights established by case law of the Court Of justice enshrined in the ECHR

49
Q

what is the European Commission?

A

the executive body of the EU, that is a supranational body with political and administrative functions based in functions.

50
Q

how is the president of the commission nominated?

A

by the European Council and then elected by the European Parliament

51
Q

how are commissioners nominated?

A

by national governments and approved by the European Parliament

52
Q

the president allocates policy portfolios to them within the college of commissioners. what roles does the European commission have?

A

has the sole right to initiate draft legislation in most areas of EU activity, executes EU legislation and ensures it is applied correctly, administers EU expenditure and collects revenue alongside represents the EU on the world stage, notably in trade negotiations

53
Q

what is the council of the European Union?

A

the and is where main decision making legislative body of the EU which is based in brussels and is where the government ministers from the 28 member states make key decisions on EU legislation

54
Q

what does the council of the EU consist of?

A

ten sectoral councils dealing with specific areas of EU activity

Politics Paper 1 (8 decks)

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