Chapter 8: The Endocrine System Flashcards by Olivia Norman

The endocrine system involves one part of the body communicating with another part of the body to maintain ________.

Homeostasis

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The endocrine system uses chemicals called ________ to communicate messages.

Hormones

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The endocrine system is composed of glands that make the hormones that travel to ________.

Target Tissues

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A ________ may be a separate structure or it may be made up of a group of cells within an organ that function together to produce hormones.

Gland

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The hormones produced by the gland are secreted ________ the cells that produced them.

Outside

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The ________ is the transportation system for the hormones.

Bloodstream

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Once secreted by the gland, the hormones are picked up by the ________ and travel everywhere the ________ travels.

Blood

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Although a hormone travels everywhere, it has an effect only on its target tissue because the cells of the target tissue have ________ for that specific hormone.

Receptors

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The ________ gland is given its name because it resembles a pine cone.

Pineal

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The pineal gland’s target tissue is the ________.

Brain

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Although the complete function of the pineal gland is unknown, the hormone ________ is produced by the pineal gland.

Melatonin

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The hormone melatonin is produced by the pineal gland and functions to regulate the ________ cycles of daily biological rhythms.

Sleep-Wake

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The ________ gland has two parts, the anterior ________ and the posterior ________.

Pituitary

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The hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland’s two parts by a stalk called the ________, which serves as a passageway.

Infundibulum

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The ________ gland and the pituitary gland have functions that are closely linked together.

Hypothalamus

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The hypothalamus gland’s target tissue is the ________.

Anterior Pituitary

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________ is a hormone produced in the hypothalamus gland that stimulates secretion of FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone). The targeted tissue is the ________.

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

Anterior Pituitary

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CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) is a hormone produced in the ________ gland that stimulates secretion of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone). The targeted tissue is the ________.

Hypothalamus

Anterior Pituitary

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________ is a hormone produced in the hypothalamus gland that stimulates secretion of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone). The targeted tissue is the ________.

TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone)

Anterior Pituitary

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________ is a hormone produced in the hypothalamus gland that stimulates secretion of GH (growth hormone). The targeted tissue is the ________.

GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone)

Anterior Pituitary

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________ is a hormone produced in the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone and growth of the thyroid. The targeted tissue is the ________.

TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)

Thyroid

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ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) is a hormone produced in the ________ pituitary gland that stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids and growth of the adrenal cortex. The targeted tissue is the ________.

Adrenal Cortex

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FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) is a hormone produced in the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates secretion of estrogen. The targeted tissue is the ________.

Ovaries

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FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) is a hormone produced in the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates ________ production. The targeted tissue is the testes.

Sperm

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LH (luteinizing hormone) is a hormone produced in the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates ________. The targeted tissue is the ovaries.

Ovulation

LH (luteinizing hormone) is a hormone produced in the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates secretion of testosterone. The targeted tissue is the ________.

Testes

________ is a hormone produced in the ________ pituitary gland that stimulates widespread tissue growth. The targeted tissues are the liver, bone, cartilage, muscle, and adipose tissue.

GH (growth hormone) Anterior

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is a hormone produced in the ________ pituitary gland that increases water retention. The targeted tissue is the ________.

Posterior Kidneys

Oxytocin is a hormone produced in the ________ pituitary gland that stimulates uterine contractions. The targeted tissue is the ________.

Posterior Uterus

________ is a hormone produced in the posterior pituitary gland that stimulates the release of ________. The targeted tissue is lactating breasts.

Oxytocin Milk

Calcitonin is a hormone produced in the ________ gland that stimulates ________ deposition. The targeted tissue is osteoblasts.

Thyroid Bone

T3 and T4 (thyroid hormone) are hormones produced in the ________ gland that elevates metabolic rate, increases heart and respiration rates, and stimulates ________. The targeted tissues are most tissues.

Thyroid Appetite

PTH (parathyroid hormone) is a hormone produced in the ________ gland that stimulates bone reabsorption to increase blood calcium levels. The targeted tissue is ________.

Parathyroids Osteoclasts

PTH (parathyroid hormone) is a hormone produced in the parathyroids gland that stimulates reabsorption of calcium by the ________ to maintain blood calcium levels. The targeted tissue is the ________.

Kidneys

PTH (parathyroid hormone) is a hormone produced in the parathyroids gland that stimulates ________ absorption. The targeted tissue is the ________ intestine.

Calcium Small

________ is a hormone produced in the pancreas gland that stimulates cells to take in glucose to lower blood glucose levels and tells liver to store glucose as glycogen. The targeted tissues are most tissues and the ________.

Insulin Liver

Glucagon is a hormone produced in the ________ gland that stimulates glycogen conversion to ________ and then its secretion to raise blood glucose levels. The targeted tissue is the liver.

Pancreas Glucose

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) is a hormone that promotes sodium (Na+) and water reabsorption, potassium (K+) excretion, and maintenance of blood volume and pressure. The targeted tissue is the ________. It is produced in the adrenal cortex gland.

Kidneys

Glucocorticoids (cortisol) is a hormone produced in the ________ gland and stimulates the breakdown of protein and fat to make glucose, suppress the immune system, and reduce inflammation. The targeted tissues are most tissues.

Adrenal Cortex

Androgens (dehydro-epiandrosterone) [DHEA] is produced in the adrenal cortex gland and precursors to ________. It is responsible for male secondary sex characteristics and for sex drive in both sexes. The targeted tissues are ________.

Testosterone Most Tissues

________ is a hormone produced in the adrenal medulla gland. It raises metabolic rate, increases ________ and respiration rates, and increases blood glucose levels (complements sympathetic nervous system). The targeted tissues are most tissues.

Epinephrine Heart

________ is a hormone produced in the ovaries gland that stimulates female secondary sex characteristics and regulates the menstrual cycle and ________. The targeted tissues are most tissues.

Estrogen Pregnancy

Testosterone is a hormone produced in the ________ gland that stimulates male secondary sex characteristics, sex drive, and ________ production. The targeted tissues are most tissues.

Testes Sperm

Prostaglandins are hormones that have a variety of functions such as relaxing smooth muscle in respiratory airways and blood vessels as well as causing contraction of smooth muscle in the ________. The targeted tissues are most tissues.

Uterus

The thyroid gland resembles a ________.

Bow Tie

Thyroid hormone is vital to metabolism regulation in the body. The production of this hormone requires the mineral ________. The natural nutritional sources of iodine are ocean fish, shellfish, and seaweed.

Iodine

The pancreas is an elongated gland and has a pebbly appearance. Only about ________ of the gland produces hormones for the endocrine system.

There are two parts of the adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex and the ________.

Adrenal Medulla

The adrenal cortex produces over 25 different hormones classified in three major categories: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and ________.

Androgens

There are three categories of hormones based on chemical structure: steroids, proteins, and ________.

Amino Acid Derivatives

The chemical composition of hormones is important because it directly affects how the hormone relates to its ________.

Receptor

Steroid hormones are derived from a ________ molecule. As lipids, they can pass through cell membranes to reach receptors anywhere in the cell.

Cholesterol

Hormones derived from ________ may or may not be able to cross cell membranes.

Amino Acids

________ hormones are made of chains of amino acids. These hormones are too large to pass through cell membranes.

Protein

Estrogen, testosterone, progesterone, mineralocorticoids, and glucocorticoids are all examples of ________. These hormones can pass through cell membranes.

Steroids

Insulin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), growth hormone (GH), parathyroid hormone (PTH), antidiuretic hormone (ADH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), glucagon, calcitonin, oxytocin, and hormones from the hypothalamus are all examples of ________. These hormones are too large to pass through cell membranes.

Proteins

Thyroid hormone, epinephrine, and melatonin are all examples of ________. These hormones may or may not be able to pass through cell membranes.

Amino Acid Derivatives

The two basic classes of receptors for hormones are based on their location, either on the ________ or somewhere inside the cell.

Cell Membrane

________ refers to the secretion of a hormone by cells of the same tissue type that the hormone targets.

Autocrine

________ refers to hormones that work on neighboring cells without having to go through the blood to get to the target tissue.

Paracrine

________ refers to hormones that travel through the blood to get to their target tissue.

Endocrine

________ refers to chemicals that cause a response outside the body, in another individual.

Pheromone

Most hormones are not secreted at a constant rate. In order to maintain homeostasis, they are secreted as needed. This secretion is usually regulated by ________ feedback mechanisms.

Negative

The secretion of a hormone can be initiated in three ways: - A ________ stimulating a gland. - A hormone stimulating a gland. - A substance other than a hormone stimulating a gland.

Neuron

________ can regulate their sensitivity to a hormone by adjusting the number of receptors for that hormone.

Target Tissues

________ regulation is an increase in the number of receptors for a given hormone.

________ regulation occurs when a cell decreases the number of receptors for a hormone.

Down

Hormone ________ is important in regulating the duration of a hormone's effects. There are four ways in which this can happen.

Elimination

________, one of the methods of hormone elimination, is when the kidneys remove a hormone from the blood and excretes it into urine or when the liver excretes a hormone into bile.

Excretion

________, one of the methods of hormone elimination, is when enzymes break down the hormone and excrete it or use it for cellular processes.

Metabolism

________, one of the methods of hormone elimination, is when a hormone can be taken back up by a cell so that it can be recycled and released at another time.

Active Transport

________, one of the methods of hormone elimination, is when the liver binds water-soluble molecules to a hormone so that it will be excreted at a faster rate.

Conjugation

________ is the length of time it takes for one-half of a substance to be eliminated from the circulatory system.

Half-Life

________ disease is the result of adrenal cortex degeneration. This is when the adrenal cortex no longer functions to produce hormones.

Addison's