Chapter 8 - The causes and implications of population change Flashcards
What is the definition of material living standards?
The ability of households to purchase (or access) goods and services
Definition of Real Income?
Income of individuals or nations after adjusting for inflation. It is calculated by subtracting inflation from the nominal income.
What is GDP per capita?
A measure of the total output of a country that takes the gross domestic product (GDP) and divides it by the number of people in the country. The per capita GDP is especially useful when comparing one country to another because it shows the relative performance of the countries.
What does an increase in GDP per capita essentially mean for a country?
That average living standards in a country have increased as more can be purchased with the increase in real income
What are non-material living standards?
Other factors that improve our quality of life that may not be directly related to how many goods or service that can be consumed. For example, work-life balance, education, crime rates and culture.
Definition of Disposable Income
income remaining after deduction of taxes and social security charges, available to be spent or saved as one wishes.
What are the two main drivers of population growth?
Natural Increase and Immigration
What is natural increase?
The rate of natural increase is simply a measure of the birth rate minus the death rate, and therefore, represents the increase (or decrease) in population (excluding migration);
What is fertility rate?
The total fertility rate in a specific year is defined as the total number of children that would be born to each woman if she were to live to the end of her child-bearing years and give birth to children in alignment with the prevailing age-specific fertility rates.
RELATED POLICIES: Howard Government’s Baby Bonus
What is net overseas migration?
Net Overseas Migration (NOM) is the net gain or loss of population through immigration to Australia and emigration from Australia.
What is immigration?
Immigration (from Australia’s perspective), occurs when citizens from foreign countries come and settle in Australia.
What is emigration?
Emigration (from Australia’s perspective), occurs when Australian’s choose to live in another country.
What are demographics?
The composition of the population and where the population lives
What is the impact on the economy with population increase?
Ageing population - more people needing support and less working (generally negative but drop in unemployment rate)
Increase in immigration - Both positive and negative
Australia’s Immigration Policy
- Skilled Stream - grants entry into Australia to those who have relevant skills or outstanding abilities
- Family Stream - grants entry to those with approved family in Australia
- Humanitarian - grants entry to refugees
