Chapter 8 The Adaptive Mind

Question 1

Associative Learning

Answer 1

The formation of associations, or connections, among stimuli and behaviors.

Question 2

Classical Conditioning

Answer 2

A type of learning in which associations are formed between two stimuli that occur sequentially in time.

Question 3

Conditioned Response

Answer 3

A response learned through classical conditioning

Question 4

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 4

An environmental event whose significance is learned through classical conditioning

Question 5

Discrimination

Answer 5

Unfair behavior based on stereotyping and prejudice

Question 6

Extinction

Answer 6

The reduction of a learned response. In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the unconditioned stimulus no longer follows the conditioned stimulus. In operant conditioning, extinction occurs when the consequence no longer follows the learned behavior.

Question 7

Fixed Interval Schedule

Answer 7

A schedule of reinforcement in which the response following a specified interval is reinforced

Question 8

Fixed Ration Schedule

Answer 8

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs following a set number of behaviors

Question 9

Generalization

Answer 9

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus

Question 10

Negative Punishment

Answer 10

A method for reducing behavior by removing something desirable whenever the target behavior occurs

Question 11

Negative reinforcement

Answer 11

A method for increasing behaviors that allow and organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence

Question 12

Operant conditioning

Answer 12

A type of learning in which associations are formed between behaviors and their outcomes

Question 13

Positive punishment

Answer 13

A consequence that eliminates or reduces the frequency of a behavior by applying an aversive stimulus

Question 14

Unconditioned response

Answer 14

A response to an unconditioned stimulus that requires no previous experience

Question 15

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 15

A stimulus that elicits a response without prior experience

Question 16

Variable interval schedul

Answer 16

A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response following a varying period is reinforced

Question 17

Variable ration schedule

Answer 17

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs following some variable number of behaviors.