Chapter 8 Study Guide

Question 1

Emotional behavior is usually controlled by the R-complex or reptilian brain.

Answer 1

False: The reptilian brain contains our basic drives, instincts, and things like waking and sleeping.

Question 2

The hemispheres of the brain communicate through a large bundle of fibers called the corpus callosum.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The fact that the brain’s hemispheres are specialized is one of the consequences of lateralization.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Human thought and creativity are largely products of the neocortex.

Answer 4

True: The neocortex is the largest part of the brain and is also where language skills reside (including Broca’s and Wernke’s areas).

Question 5

For most people, both spatial and sequential relationships are right hemisphere functions.

Answer 5

False: The right hemisphere does perform spatial functions, but sequential (logical and/or mathematical) functions occur in the left hemisphere.

Question 6

For most people, both language and mathematics are left hemisphere functions.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Aphasia as a result of stroke is generally restricted to the loss of word meaning.

Answer 7

True?

Question 8

Abstract thinking is more a function of the left rather than the right hemisphere.

Answer 8

False: The left controls more logical, less emotional processes.

Question 9

Both Broca and Wernicke were 19th century anatomists engaged in neurological research.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

The innateness hypothesis proposes that much of our ability to acquire language is genetically determined.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

The concept of universal grammar assumes that all languages are governed by the same general rules.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Psychologists have proposed a language acquisition device to explain how children acquire the rules of their language.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

By six years of age, an English speaking child has a productive vocabulary of 14,000 words.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Using the word monkey is used to refer to apes and pro-simians is an example of overextension.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

For a one-year old as a single word may represent an entire sentence.

Answer 15

True (called a holophrase)

Question 16

The holophrastic stage is also known as the two-word stage

Answer 16

False: The telegraphic stage (where kids start to add more words to their two word sentences). Technically, the tele stage is an expansion of two word utterances (either way. The holophrastic stage is related to ONE word utterances which embody an entire sentence).

Question 17

Conversation repair is one way to correct a misunderstanding

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Overextention is to vocabulary what overgeneralization is to grammar.

Answer 18

True – child applies rules too librarally

Question 19

According to your book, approx half of the world’s population is multi-lingual.

Answer 19

False: MOST are bilingual.

Question 20

The limbic system of the brain, among other things, controls –

Answer 20

Speech (if it affects “calls.”

Question 21

Biologically based behaviors are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

Answer 21

It is the result of a conscious descision.

However, these are true: It apears before it is nec for survival; not in response to the environment

It is not the result of formal education or training

It appears in a predictable sequence, at a certain stage of development.

Question 22

Poverty of Stimulus proves evidence for

Answer 22

The innateness hypothesis (interactionist).

NOT: The reinforcement hypothesis, the imitation hypothesis, or (none of these).

Question 23

The interactionist hypothesis proposes that the innate language ability allows children to:

Answer 23

Identify patterns and formulate rules and generate novel grammatical utterances. All this is using innate speech ability and in extracting the rules.

Question 24

The cooing stage is characterized by:

Answer 24

Vowel sounds only

Question 25

Sound Spectograms show evidence that babies cries are:

Answer 25

Different in babies in different language communities.

Question 26

After six months of age, babies:

Answer 26

Begin to babble in the sounds of the language they hear around them (additionally starting to lose the distinction between phonemes of different languages).

Question 27

The two word utterances of a child express a complete thought; the words have a grammatical relationship to each other. Which of the following is NOT a typical two word utterance?

Answer 27

Agent-object

As opposed to:

agent-action: Doggie run
action-object: Push ball
possessor-possession: mommy car
action-location: ride car

Question 28

A child using the word “cupcake” to refer to cookies, cakes, and brownies is an example of:

Answer 28

Overextension:

NOT: Underextension, imitation, undergeneralization, or productivity.

Question 29

Using the word “dog” to refer to one particular dog only is an example of:

Answer 29

Underextension: “When a child acquires the definition of a word and applies it too narrowly.”

Question 30

Poverty of stimulus

Answer 30

When children are not spoken to and where incomplete sentences are the norm.

Question 31

Imitation hypothesis

Answer 31

Proposes that children acquire language by imitating the people around them

Question 32

Reinforcement hypothesis

Answer 32

Children acquire language by positive reinforcement when they produce a grammatical utterance and by being corrected when they don’t.

Question 33

Wernicke’s aphasia generally includes the loss of function words and bound morphemes.

Answer 33

False (Broca loses words)

Question 34

Separate systems hypothesis

Answer 34

Infants, exposed to two or more languages, differentiate the languages from the very beginning, constructing different phonological systems, lexicons, and semantic systems.

Question 35

Broca’s are of the brain

Answer 35

The are of the brain that controls the larynx, lips, tongue, and other areas of the digestive and respiratory systems involved with oral and facial fine motor skills in the production of speech.

Question 36

Motor cortex

Answer 36

Provides movement to be able to speak (vocal speaking).

Question 37

Writing, as well as speech, is difficult for most Broca’s aphasics

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Wernicke’s aphasia generally includes the loss of function words and bound morphemes.

Answer 38

False (Broca loses words)

Question 39

Language originates in Broca’s area and is trasmitted via the arcuate fasciculus to Wernicke’s area for production.

Answer 39

False

Question 40

The primary visual cortex is engaged in speech as well as in reading.

Answer 40

False (only involved with the reading of words & so forth).

Question 41

Motor cortex

Answer 41

Actual speaker

Question 42

Understanding of language is a primary function of Broca’s area

Answer 42

False

Question 43

The ability to read is acquired in much the same way as the ability to speak.

Answer 43

False