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PSYC 350 > Chapter 8: STIs > Flashcards

Chapter 8: STIs Flashcards

1
Q

STI % rate in women/men in Canada (2013)

A

19% and 12%

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2
Q

highest rate of STIs amongst which age group?

A

yound adults

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3
Q

3 most common STIs in Uni students

A

chlamydia
HPV
herpes

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4
Q

3 reasons rates of STIs are increasing

A
  1. better testing
  2. decreased condom use
  3. increased rate of drug use
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5
Q

most prevalent bacterial STI in Canada

A

Chlamydia

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6
Q

rates of this STI have been rising since 1997

A

Chlamydia

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7
Q

Symptoms: Chlamydia

A

Penis: thin/clear discharge, mild discomfort on urination
Vagina: abnormal discharge, burning/itching/pain with urination

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8
Q

How to diagnose chlamydia

A

Men: urine sample
women: urine sample/vaginal swab

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9
Q

untreated chlamydia leads to what in men?

A

epididymitis
- scrotal pain/swelling
- infertility

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10
Q

untreated chlamydia leads to what in women?

A

PID (pelvic inflammatory disease)
- pain with/without intercourse
-chronic pelvic pain
-infertility

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11
Q

Oldest STI

A

gonorrhea

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12
Q

What is a venereal disease?

A

In hippocrates time: a disease thought to result from excessive pleasure of the vagina

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13
Q

symptoms of gonorrhea in men vs women

A

men: white puslike discharge
women: no symptoms

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14
Q

how to diagnose gonorrhea in men?

A

Urine test

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15
Q

how to diagnose gonorrhea in women?

A

Urine test + Pelvic exam

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16
Q

treatment for gonorrhea?

A

antibiotics

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17
Q

what part of the body does gonorrhea usually affect in women?

A

Cervix –> uterus/fallopian tubes –> PID

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18
Q

what other parts of the body does gonorrhea affect, other than the reproductive system (4)?

A

-eyes
-mouth
-bladder
-rectum

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19
Q

What STI can damage the nervous system and lead to death?

A

syphilis

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20
Q

Is syphilis common now?

A

No

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21
Q

Describe syphilis stage 1

A

Stage 1: Painless chancre, 3 weeks after exposure, usually on the mucous membranes, or hand

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22
Q

Describe syphilis stage 2

A

Body rash (not painful)

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23
Q

Describe syphilis stage 3

A

Latent syphilis
- bacteria are burrowing into the body
- no longer infectious but syphilis can be passed to the fetus
- 50% of patients stay in this latent stage for the rest of their life; 50% go on to develop late syphilis

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24
Q

Describe syphilis stage 4

A
  • occurs 10-40 years later
  • major cardiovascular problems or neurological problems causing insanity, paralysis
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25
Q

what are the 3 outcomes of a baby born with congenital syphilis?

A
  1. miscarriage
  2. baby is born very ill
  3. baby is asymptomatic until years later
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26
Q

Which bacterial STI is difficult to diagnose?

A

Syphilis

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27
Q

How is syphilis diagnosed (4)?

A
  1. genital exam
  2. pelvic exam
  3. full body exam
  4. blood test
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28
Q

Treatment for Syphilis

A

2 shots of penicillin

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29
Q

Name 3 bacterial STIs

A

Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
Syphillis

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30
Q

What is the most common STI in sexually active Canadians?

A

HPV

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31
Q

What percentage of Canadians will be infected with HPV at least once?

A

75%

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32
Q

There are at least how many types of HPV causing genital warts and cancer?

A

40

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33
Q

Which types of HPV cause genital warts?

A

Type 6
Type 11

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34
Q

Which viral STI is NON-reportable in Canada

A

HPV

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35
Q

Symptoms of HPV?

A
  1. genital warts
  2. 90% asymptomatic
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36
Q

How to diagnose HPV?

A

Inspect genital warts

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37
Q

HPV treatment

A
  • creams, freezing
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38
Q

Does HPV ever go away?

A

Yes, can be undetectable in 1-2 years ( but it is easy to get another of the 40+ strains)

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39
Q

Can you get warts in your mouth from HPV?

A

Yes, from oral sex
Can cause throat/mouth cancers

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40
Q

What can prevenet HPV?

A

Gardasil

41
Q

How many strains of HPV does Gardasil protect against?

A

9 types

42
Q

Gardasil protects what age group (women vs men)?

A

women: 9-45
men: 9-26

43
Q

How many strains of Herpes simplex are there?

A

2

44
Q

Which strain of Herpes (1 or 2) prefers the mouth?

A

HSV-1

45
Q

Which strain of Herpes (1 or 2) prefers the genitals>

A

HSV-2

46
Q

What is the most common strain of Herpes?

A

HSV-1

47
Q

What percentage of people carry HSV-1?

A

~50%

48
Q

Can both Herpes strains can appear orally and genitally?

A

Yes

49
Q

Is herpes reportable in Canada?

A

No

50
Q

Symptoms of Herpes

A

Small, painful blisters on the genitals/anus/thighs

51
Q

When is someone most contagious with Herpes?

A

During an active outbreak

52
Q

Are people with asymptomatic herpes infectious?

A

Yes

53
Q

How often does someone with Herpes have outbreaks?

A

It depends on the person. Some people only have 1 outbreak in their entire life, some people have several, unpredictable outbreaks

54
Q

Is there a cure for Herpes?

A

No

55
Q

What is the treatment for Herpes?

A

Valtrex to reduce the frequency of outbreaks

56
Q

Describe the 2 range of responses to Herpes

A
  1. STI-related stigma: awareness of negative societal judgments
  2. STI-related shame: one’s own negative feelings
57
Q

In which continents are HIV1 and HIV 2 most prominent?

A

HIV1: North America
HIV2: Africa

58
Q

Mechanism of action of HIV/AIDS?

A

HIV attacks the immune system –> Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome –> patient is asymptomatic until infected by something else

59
Q

Origin of HIV/AIDS?

A

Mysterious; thought to have arose from butchering primates for meat

60
Q

When was HIV/AIDS identified in the USA?

A

1981

61
Q

When was HIV/AIDS identified in Canada?

A

1982

62
Q

When was HIV/AIDS actually conceptualized?

A

1984

63
Q

What STI is currently a global pandemic?

A

HIV/AIDS

64
Q

How many people worldwide are infected with HIV/AIDS?

A

33 million

65
Q

How many people in Canada are infected with HIV/AIDS?

A

71 000

66
Q

What percentage of new HIV/AIDS infections happen in africa?

A

72%

67
Q

How many cases of HIV/AIDS in Africa?

A

25.5 million

68
Q

How many cases of HIV/AIDS in Eastern Europe/Central Asia?

A

1.5 million

69
Q

How many cases of HIV/AIDS in the middle east/West Africa?

A

230 000

70
Q

How many cases of HIV/AIDS in Asia?

A

2 million

71
Q

How many cases of HIV/AIDS in Europe/America?

A

2.5 million

72
Q

How is HIV/AIDS transmitted?

A

Exchange of bodily fluids
- semen
- vaginal secretions
- blood
- breast milk*

73
Q

What percentage of new STI/AIDS cases is due to heterosexual transmission?

A

70%

74
Q

In Canada, what percentage of new cases are in the following group: men on men

A

~50%

75
Q

In Canada, what percentage of new cases are in the following group: heterosexual + infected person

A

~20%

76
Q

In Canada, what percentage of new cases are in the following group: heterosexuals from an AIDS epidemic country

A

~14%

77
Q

In Canada, what percentage of new cases are in the following group: drug injectors

A

~13%

78
Q

2 highest risk behaviors for HIV/AIDS?

A
  1. Anal intercourse
  2. Vaginal intercourge
79
Q

4 stages of HIV infection: Stage 1

A
  1. Primary: 2-4 weeks after exposure
    Nonspecific symptoms/Asymptomatic

*asymptomatic: fever, diarrhea, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, persistent yeast infection

80
Q

4 stages of HIV infection: Stage 2

A
  1. Chronic asymptomatic infection: Virus replication
    Nonspecific/Asymptomatic

*asymptomatic: fever, diarrhea, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes, persistent yeast infection

81
Q

4 stages of HIV infection: Stage 3

A
  1. Chronic Symptomatic HIV infection:
    Nonspecific symptoms
    Reduced T4 cells
    inability to fight off infections
    Shingles
    Weight loss
82
Q

4 stages of HIV infection: Stage 4

A
  1. AIDS-defining conditions
    Life-threatening, opportunistic infections
    - pneumonia
    - Kaposi’s sarcoma (rare skin cancer)
83
Q

How to diagnose HIV/AIDS?

A

Blood test
- ELISA 98.9% accurate, some false +ve
- Western blot
- Rapid test
- Home test kit

84
Q

HIV/AIDS treatment

A

No cure
HAART: antiviral cocktail: virus becomes undetectable, but there are a lot of side effects to adherence is challenging

85
Q

Name 3 psychological impacts of HIV/AIDS

A
  1. Social stigma/isolation
  2. Depression
  3. Poor sex life
86
Q

What’s the challenge in developing an HIV/AIDS vaccine?

A

Viral mutations

87
Q

What is PrEP?

A

Preexposure Prophylaxis
- the uninfected partner is given a cocktail of antivirals

88
Q

Describe HIV/AIDS genetic resistance

A

2 mutated copies of the CCR5 receptor on cells= resistance

  • 10% of Europeans carry this double mutation, and there is a connection to surviving the bubonic plague
89
Q

What is Trichomoniasis?

A

A (rare*)parasite that lives on surfaces, but is usually transmitted via sex

90
Q

Symptoms of trichomoniasis

A

Vaginal discharge
Penile discharge, urethral irritation

91
Q

How to diagnose trichomoniasis

A

urine sample
vaginal swab

92
Q

treatment for trichomoniasis

A

metronidazole/tinidazole

93
Q

Symptoms of public lice

A

intense itching

94
Q

slang for “public lice”

A

crabs

95
Q

How to diagnose pubic lice

A

Find lice/eggs

96
Q

Treatment for crabs

A

same as headlice (Nix, Rid)

97
Q

What are the 4 reportable STIs in Canada? Why do these need to be reported?

A

Chlamydia
Gonorrhea
Syphilis
HIV

These can cause PID/Infertility

98
Q

What are 2 non-reportable STIs in Canada

A

HPV
Herpes

99
Q

What are 2 non-reportable STIs in Canada?

A

HPV
Herpes

PSYC 350 (2 decks)

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