Chapter 8 - Sleep

Question 1

Quels sont les trois moyens pour mesurer le sommeil ?

Answer 1

EEG (Electroencephalogram)
Electro-Oculagram
Electromyogram

Question 2

Quel est le principal objectif de l’EEG ?

Answer 2

Measure the summation of electrical activity from the neurons

Question 3

Que mesure principalement l’EEG ?

Answer 3

Amplitude (summation of the AP’s occuring in the same area - spatial - and in the same time - temporal)
Frequency (number of AP’s by number of units)

Question 4

What is the relation between amplitude and frequency?

Answer 4

higher the amplitude, lower the frequency.

Question 5

True or false : do the EEG changes during the sleep cycle?

Answer 5

Yes it does.
Changes in between the stages.
Everyone has the same sleep pattern.

Question 6

What is the electro-oculogram ?

Answer 6

Muscles activity of eyes.

Use to know when you are in a REM

Question 7

What is the electromyogram ?

Answer 7

Use for the peripheral muscles.

Used for Apnea and insomnia

Question 8

What are the features of the awake stage, when alert and active ?

Answer 8

Beta activity in between 13 and 30 Hz.
High frequency
Low amplitude
Desynchrony

Question 9

What are the feature of the awake stage, when relaxing and quiet ?

Answer 9

Alpha activity
8-12 Hz
Regular/medium amplitude and frequency

Question 10

When does the stage 1 occurs ?

Answer 10

5-10 minutes after relaxing

Question 11

What are the feature of stage 1 ? Hz ? (6)

Answer 11

Increase of Alpha activity (very few beta)
Appearance of theta activity
Synchronized of Ap’s (higher amplitude, lower frequency) - firing of neurons in neocortex more synchronized
Hz : 3,5 - 7
Less brain activity
Heart rate, respiration blood pressure all begin to decrease, body temperature decreases, muscles become more relaxed

Question 12

What are the feature of stage 2 ? Hz ? (6)

Answer 12

Theta activity increase
Hz : 12-14
Sleep spindles (consolidation of memory) - 2-5 fois par minute
Bursts of theta

K complexes (only in stage 2 !!) - helps in sleeping while having noises arround - one per minute - neural inhibition

Precursor of delta waves

Question 13

What are the features of stage 3 ? (3)

Answer 13

Delta activity (high amplitude, low frequency)
20% - 50 % delta activity (moins de 3,5 Hz)
Heart rate, respiration blood pressure reaches their lowest, body temperature decreases, muscles become more relaxed
Slow-waves sleep

Question 14

What are the feature of stage 4 ? (3)

Answer 14

More than 50 % delta activity
Lowest physiological measures
Also, presence of down state activity, which is no activity in neurons. They are hyperpolarized for brief seconds at the time
desynchronized

Question 15

Sleep deprivation : what are the effects ?

Answer 15

Sleepy, does not affect physical performance, cognitive performance, affected negatively. Memory will be affected. Decision-making and judgement.

Question 16

What is the rebound phenomenon ?

Answer 16

Spending a much greater-than-normal percentage of the recovery night in REM sleep - will acquire more REM sleep when sleep is permit

Question 17

In which period are we having more REM sleep ?

Answer 17

childs

Question 18

Slow waves sleep is caracterized by : (4)

Answer 18

Reduced muscle tension
Lowered heart rate
Reduced blood pressure
Reduced body temperature

Question 19

NOTE :

Answer 19

• But REM sleep metabolically expensive – and negates any energy saving that we might gain from the reduced physiological expenditures.

Question 20

Sleep conserve energy (theory A) : why are we saying that there is adaptive advantage from sleep ?

Answer 20

If hungry, not going to sleep.

If you are sleeping and being awake, you’ll have more energy and will be more alert by being not hungry