Chapter 8 Quiz Flashcards
Microbe
- microscopic organism
Pathogen ( Patho = disease, pathy)
- disease causing organism / disease causing agent
Bacteria
Prokaryotic (no nucleolus/ nuclear membrane)
Bacteria Shape
- spherical : coccus/ cocci
- Rod Shape : bacillus/ bacilli
- Spiral: spirillum/ spirilla
Cell wall = most bacteria has one
- made out of peptidoglycan (peptid = protein)
- “Cillin” antibiotics = they interfere with bacteria cell wall synthesis
Gram Positive (bacteria)
- stain purple
- thick cell walls
Gram Negative (bacteria)
- stain pink
- thin or no cell wall (all bacteria don’t have a cell wall)
Bacterium = Capsule
- adhere to surfaces
- help avoid phagocytosis
Frimbriae
- stick to surfaces
- you may have flagella; could be one or more
- stiff fibers
Pilus/Pili
- conjugation, transfer of genetic material/ gene = exchange of genetic material
Prokaryotic cells (cell division)
- binary (bi = 2) fission, this can happen every 20 minutes
- DNA Replicates, makes an exact copy
- Cell splits into two
Viruses
- not living
- not cellular/non cellular/ not made made up of cells
Intercellular Parasites
- Intra = internal
- Parasite = has to have a host
= must have a living host cell to reproduce
Viruses
- outside = a protein coat “capsid”
- inside = nucleic acid “DNA or RNA”
Reproduction of Virus
- virus attaches to the cell
- virus injects it genetic material into the cell
- it takes over the cell DNA, causing it to make virus parts and put them together
- the new virus leaves the cell, killing it
- then it starts all over again
Prions (the below order is from smallest to largest)
- Prion
- virus
- bacterium
- they took letters from Proteinaceous infection Particles
- misfolded protein (shape & function)
- always goes after the brain
- incurable, cannot be denatured
5 Diseases caused by prions
- Kuru (found in humans)
- Mad Cow: BSE = Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
- Creutzfeldt: CJD = Jakob Disease (found in humans)
- Scrapie: sheep & goats
- Chronic Wasting Disease: deer and moose
Epidemic
If there are more cases of disease than expected in a certain area for a certain time period
- local area = outbreak
- global = pandemic
HIV/AIDS
- HIV = Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- AIDS = Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome
- Presence of AIDS Defying Order
- Helper T Count below 200
**No cure for AIDS, AIDS epidemic isn’t under control until there is a vaccine
Retroviruses (Retro = back/backwards)
- takes DNA
- it’s genetic material is RNA
- Enzyme = Reverse Transcriptase
Opportunistic Infection
- immune system is already compromised
- an infection takes over
- worldwide = tuberculosis
- US = Pneumonia
HAART
- highly active
- antiretroviral
- therapy suppresses viral load below detectable
Tuberculosis ( bacterial infection)
- bacillus bacterium
- old name “the consumption”
- spread by airborne droplets(coughing, singing,etc)
- airplane flight over 8 hours, high chance of contracting TB
- the bacteria goes to lungs that can calcify
- skin test can be done or chest X-ray
- antibiotic resistant strains of TB = antibiotic = 12-24 months
-it can spread to the lungs, spine kidney and brain - while a patient with latent TB will test positive for the disease they are often asymptomatic and non infectious
Vector
Living organism that transfers a pathogen from host to another (example - ticks, fleas, roaches)
Fomite
A non living thing (door knob, trash can, seat)
Malaria
- disease causing agent
- protist called plasmodium
- vector = mosquito
- red blood cells (RBC) are affected in humans
Fun fact
You are only bitten by female mosquitoes
Influenza (has to be both viral and respiratory)
- viral = cause by virus
- respiratory = has to be some where in the respiratory
Emerging / Reemerging
- emerging = occurring for the first time
- Reemerging = it’s not been seen in 20 years
Coronavirus (corona = crown)
- has spikes
- characteristics/ distinctive = has crown like spikes
Antibiotic resistant
- penicillin
- after its common use in the 1940’s we started to see antibiotic resistance after 4 years
MDROs
- multi drug resistant organisms
- XDR TB = extensively drug resistant TB
- First line antibiotic = older, cheaper
- Second line antibiotic = newer, more expensive
MRSA
- methicillin resistant
- staphylococcus areus
- athletes who share equipment are at risk of MRSA
- hospital, nursing homes, where patients are already immune compromised can get MRSA
- Nosocomial infection = went to health care system and got a disease
Hand washing
To decrease transmission of pathogens
Therm
- heat
- hyperthermia - an abnormally high body temperature
Pro/Ante/Pre
- before
- prodromal - early signs or symptoms of an illness or health problem that appear before the major signs or symptoms start.
- antepartum - the period of time before childbirth
- precapillary - controls the flow of blood into the capillary bed, essentially acting as a gate to regulate blood supply to different tissues based on their needs.
Post
- After
- postnatal - the period after birth, including growth, development, and care
- posterior - the back side of something, or toward the back of the body
Super/ Supra
- above
- superior - toward the head or upper part of the body
- supraclavicular - lymph nodes and nerves that are located above the collarbone
Sub
- below
- submandibular - Located below your jaw
- subcutaneous - beneath, or under, all the layers of the skin
Dors(o)
- back
- dorsoflexion - movement of bending a joint in the upward or backward direction
- dorsal - the back or upper surface of an organism or body part
Retro
- backwards
- retrograde - signaling, transport, or motion that occurs in the opposite direction of what’s normal
- retrosternal - behind the sternum,” referring to the area located directly posterior to the breastbone (sternum) in the chest cavity; essentially, anything situated behind the sternum is considered retrosternal.
Para
- beside
- paramedic - study biology to understand how to treat patients and respond to emergencies
- paranasal - near or around the nose. Paranasal sinuses are hollow spaces that are filled with air and located in the bones around the nose.
Re
- again
- rehydrate - to restore fluid to (something dehydrated)
- recuperate - the natural process by which the body repairs itself
Later(o)
- side
- lateral - to the side of, or away from, the middle of the body. Examples: The ears are lateral to the nose. The arms are lateral to the chest.
Medi(o)
- middle
- medial - toward the middle or center of the body
- mediastinum - the central compartment within the thoracic cavity, located between the lungs, that houses vital organs like the heart, major blood vessels
Schizo
- split
- schizophrenia - brain disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves
Inter
- between
- intercostals - muscles and nerves that connect the ribs in the chest.
- interdigital - the space or area between the digits (fingers or toes) of an animal
Heter(o)
- different
- heterogeneous - made up of different types or classes of elements, ingredients, or components
Hom(o)
- same
- homozygous - an organism has two identical copies of the same gene, one inherited from each parent, for a specific trait
Ad(o)
- towards
- adduction - movement of a body part towards the midline of the body, essentially bringing a limb or body section closer to the center of the body
- adhesion - the tendency of dissimilar molecules or surfaces to cling to one another
- adrenal - are small glands located on top of each kidney that produce hormones that regulate many bodily functions.
KARYOTYPE
– An artificial arrangement of chromosome Tightly wound from largest to smallest
- 23 pairs
- Pairs 1 - 22 = Autosomes - Carry genes with traits that doesn’t deal with sex (hair, color, freckles, eye
color
- Pair 23 = sex chromosomes
- Males = XY
- Females = XX
Chromosomes/ Chromatin
- chromosome- tightly wound = 23 mom and 23 dad
- chromatin - loosely wound, most of life cell
Two things you can tell from looking at a karyotype
- chromosome abnormalities
- Sex of individual.
Sister chromatids
– On a karyotype, each chromosome has two genetically identical pieces
Centromere
The circular structure that holds the sister chromatids together
Mitosis
– Somatic cells (everything not sex cells)
– Under normal conditions, they should have 46 chromosomes equals 23 pairs
– Diploid cells - begins diploid and ends diploid
– Diploid 46 —> diploid 46
Meiosis
– reproductive cell
– Sex cells
– Gametes
– Egg and sperm
– Has 23 chromosomes (half from Mom and half from Dad)
– Haploid cell
– Diploid 46 —> haploid 23
– Fertilization starts with haploid 23 —> diploid 46
– Zygote is a fertilized egg
Mitosis phases
– Interphase – Cell spends most of its life in this phase – DNA replicate ( double itself)
– Prophase – the nuclear envelope fragments disappear
- Metaphase – the chromosomes bundle lines up along the middle of the cell
– Anaphase – is seen between the two halves of the chromosome bundle
– Telophase – nuclear envelope, reappears, and reforms
- Cytokinesis – division of cytoplasm and organelle – then the process starts over
Spermatogenesis/ meiosis/ gametogensis
– 300,000 sperm per minute
– Over 400 million per day
– Has primary spermatocyte
– 2 secondary 23, Meiosis 1 or 1st meiotic division
- meiosis 2, 2nd meiotic division
- 4 spermatids
- hold onto chromosomes & mitochondria
Oogenesis
- primary oocytes
– Secondary 0OCYTE (ovulated) egg glass 24 hours
– polar body – fate of all polar bodies deteriorate
– 46 = zygote
– No fertilization – no meiosis 2, egg is absorbed by body or lost in menstrual
– Fertilization you get meiosis 2 (fallopian tube)
Twins
–Fraternal - 2 separate eggs, 2 sperm, 2 zygotes
- identical, 1 egg, 1 sperm, 1 zygote
Autosomal
– Down syndrome “ trisomy 21”
Sex Chromosomes
- female
- turner syndrome = has only 1X sex chromosome
- poly x female = has more than 2 X Sex chromosomes
- Male
- Klinefelter syndrome = XXY
- Jacob’s syndrome = XYY
Deletion
- a piece of chromosome breaks off and is lost
Duplication (Karyotype)
- piece of a chromosome is repeated
Inversion (karyotype)
- piece of a chromosome break off and reattaches to the same chromosome
Translocation
– Piece of chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome (some cancers have been associated with this)
Characteristics of cancer/cancer cells
– Cancer begins in the DNA
– Characterized by uncontrolled cell growth
– Lack differentiation (not going to divide and make a cell that don’t have cancer)
– abnormal nuclei
- very large
– Wrong number of chromosomes
– Ignores apoptosis (program cell death)
Telomeres
- bases on ends of chromosomes (TTAGGG)
- cancer cells continue to make telomeres
- cancer cells form tumors (neoplasm)
Angiogenesis
Makes blood vessels
Metastasis/Metastasize
Spread
Metastasis
Spread of cancer cells continue = lymphatic and/ or blood vessels
Henrietta Lacks
- HeLa Cells
- died in 1950’s
- he cells are still diving today
Carcinogenesis (carcin/oncology=cancer)
Formation of cancer
Oncogene
Cancer causing gene
Oncology
- study of cancer
- oncologist- a medical DR who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of cancer
Carcinoma
- cancer in-epithelial tissue
Adenocarcinoma
Cancer in the glandular tissue
Sarcoma
-cancer in the muscles
Leukemia
- blood cancer
Lymphoma
Cancer in lymphoid
ABCDE (malignant/ melanoma)
A = asymmetry = one of the middle does not look like other half
B = border = irregular, scalloped or poorly circumscribed border
C = color = buried from one to another; shades of tan, brown, black, sometimes white, red or blue
D = diameter= larger than 6 mm – the diameter of a pencil eraser
E = elevated = above the skin and surface
E = evolving= changing overtime
