Chapter 8: Pretrial Identification Procedures Flashcards
The taking of fingerprints and photographs and the confrontation for identification have been challenged on at least what three constitutional grounds?
- self-incrimination
- right to counsel
- due process
In Holt v US (1910), SCOTUS distinguished between a compelling a person to give _____ evidence and requiring him to submit to fingerprinting.
verbal
In Schmerber v California (1966), SCOTUS held that the privilege against self-incrimination protects an accused only from being compelled to testify against himself or otherwise provide the state with evidence of a ______ or ______ nature.
testimonial or communicative
Schmerber v California (1966) set the standard that the 5th Amendment only applies to _____ evidence, not “___ evidence,” such as a photograph or fingerprint.
spoken, real
In Schmerber v California (1966), SCOTUS further held that the self-incrimination privilege offers no protection against compulsion to submit what?
fingerprinting, photographing, or measurements, to write or speak for identification, to appear in court, to stand, to assume a stance, to walk, or to make a particular gesture
In Smith v US (2000), SCOTUS ruled that the taking of palm prints or fingerprints does not violate the self-incrimination protection of the Constitution if the person in lawful custody is required to submit to photographing and fingerprinting as part of a _____ _____ process.
routine identification
In Pennsylvania v Muniz, SCOTUS ruled that checking a person for slurred speech or questions that require logic, but the answer is irrelevant (like saying ABCs backward) are not _____, and are admissible.
testimonial
In Pennsylvania v Muniz, SCOTUS ruled that if the answer to the question is _____ (such as the date of the suspect’s sixth birthday), than the material is testimonial and protected by the 5th Amendment.
relevant
In United States v Wade (1967), SCOTUS held that compelling the accused to exhibit his person for observation by a prosecutor’s witness prior to trial “involves no compulsion of the accused to give evidence having ‘______ significance.’”
testimonial
In US v Wade (1967), the post-indictment lineup was deteremined to be a critical stage of the proceedings if the __-_____ identification of the accused could be jeopardized.
in-court
In regards to a post-indictment line-up, SCOTUS held that counsel must be present if what?
requested by the suspect or if counsel has been appointed
In Kirby v Illinois (1972), SCOTUS refused to extend the right to counsel protection of the 6th Amendment to a ___-______ identification.
pre-indictment
In Foster v California (1969), SCOTUS held that for a lineup to be constitutional, it must not be ______.
suggestive
What are five factors that should be considered in evaluating the likelihood of misidentification?
- witness’s opportunity to view the criminal during the crime;
- witness’s degree of attention
- accuracy of the witness’s prior description of the criminal;
- level of certainty demonstrated by witness at the confrontation; and
- length of time between the crime and confrontation
In Neil v Biggers (1972), SCOTUS said that the primary evil to be avoided in lineups is the likelihood of _____ _____.
irreparable misidentification
One court held that in determining whether the in-court id is contaminated by pretrial procedures, the court must determine whether the procedure was unnecessarily _____ and must then weigh the corrupting influence of the suggestive procedure against the _____ of the id itself.
suggestive, reliability
One-on-one id’s are generally okay when the accused is apprehended within a relatively ____ period of time and has _____ to the crime scene.
short, returned
The use of a show-up (on scene id) of a suspect in a second crime for identification by a witness in the first crime IS / IS NOT impermissible suggestive?
IS
The use of a single photograph was held by the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals to be suggestive and a denial of ___ _____.
due process
In US v Dionisio (1973), SCOTUS held that compelling a suspect to produce voice exemplars DID / DID NOT violate the 5th Amendment against self-incrimination.
DID NOT
In US v Mavia (1990), the court proposed what what 5 safeguards be applied when spectrographic analysis is offered?
- 2 or more minutes of each sample
- a signal-to-noise ratio where the signal is higher than 20 decibels
- frequency of 3000 hertz or better
- example in the same words, same rate, and same way, spoken naturally and fluently
- responsible examiner
It IS / IS NOT a violation of the self-incrimination clause to examine a suspect’s body for traces of blood, or to take epidermal scrapings or saliva samples from a suspect.
IS NOT, but 4th Amendment considerations do apply
In ___ v ____, the courts established “_____ _____” for the use of DNA profiling in court.
US v Martinez; judicial notice
The Frye standard, Frye test, or general acceptance test (Frye v US 1923) is a test to determine the admissibility of scientific evidence. It provides that expert opinion based on a scientific technique is admissible only where the technique is generally accepted as what?.
reliable in the relevant scientific community
In Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals (1993), the Supreme Court held that the Federal Rules of Evidence superseded the ____ standard as the standard for admissibility of expert evidence in federal courts.
Frye
If a witness picks out a suspect from a photo lineup, do not tell them that they did or did not pick the suspect. Why?
in-court identification may be compromised
