Chapter 8 Pathophysiology Flashcards
1. The study of the functioning of an organism in the presence of disease is called: A) biology. B) physiology. C) pathophysiology D) biochemistry.
C) pathophysiology
- The paramedic is in the BEST position to formulate an appropriate treatment plan for an ill patient if the paramedic:
A) is able to identify the etiology of the patient’s illness.
B) obtains a complete list of all the patient’s medications.
C) performs a head-to-toe exam to detect all abnormalities.
D) gathers a reliable medical history from the patient’s family.
A) is able to identify the etiology of the patient’s illness.
3. Groups of cells form: A) tissues. B) organs. C) an organism. D) organ systems.
A) tissues.
4. An organ is composed of: A) a group of cells. B) multiple organisms. C) identical cells and tissues. D) various types of tissues.
D) various types of tissues.
5. The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which are found within the cell's cytoplasm, operate in a cooperative and organized fashion to maintain the life of the cell. A) ribosomes B) organelles C) microfilaments D) nuclear pores
B) organelles
6. What part of the cell produces the body's major energy source in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)? A) Nucleus B) Mitochondria C) Golgi complex D) Endoplasmic reticulum
B) Mitochondria
7. The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ of the cell contains RNA. A) nucleus B) cytoplasm C) Golgi complex D) mitochondria
A) nucleus
8. What type of tissue lines the intestines, blood vessels, and bronchiole tubes? A) Muscle B) Nervous C) Epithelial D) Connective
C) Epithelial
- Endothelial cells that line the inside of blood vessels:
A) are nonliving cells made of protein.
B) are made of epithelial squamous cells.
C) regulate blood flow and coagulation.
D) are composed of specialized nervous tissue.
C) regulate blood flow and coagulation.
- Which of the following statements regarding connective tissue is MOST correct?
A) Connective tissue is enclosed by fascia.
B) Connective tissue can transmit electrical impulses.
C) Skeletal muscle is a type of connective tissue.
D) Connective tissue binds other types of tissue together.
D) Connective tissue binds other types of tissue together.
11. Nonstriated muscle is also called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ muscle. A) autonomic B) smooth C) skeletal D) voluntary
B) smooth
12. Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is: A) striated voluntary. B) nonstriated voluntary. C) nonstriated involuntary. D) striated involuntary.
D) striated involuntary.
13. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ nerves exit from between the spinal vertebrae and extend to various parts of the body. A) Cranial B) Connecting C) Somatic D) Peripheral
D) Peripheral
14. What structure conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body? A) Axon B) Synapse C) Dendrite D) Synaptic gap
A) Axon
- Homeostasis is MOST accurately defined as:
A) a constant effort to preserve a degree of stability or equilibrium.
B) cellular oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal from the body.
C) the balance of water or hydration in the cells and body of an organism.
D) the inability of the body to maintain a constant internal environment.
A) a constant effort to preserve a degree of stability or equilibrium.
- Which of the following is an example of homeostatic failure?
A) A pH balance of 7.37 with a respiratory rate of 28 breaths/min
B) Severe vomiting and diarrhea and a heart rate of 120 beats/min
C) Salt and water retention and a blood pressure of 170/98 mm Hg
D) Core body temperature of 98.2°F and an ambient temperature of 28°F
C) Salt and water retention and a blood pressure of 170/98 mm Hg
17. In healthy adults, a loss of more than \_\_\_\_% of total body fluid is required to alter homeostasis and cause illness. A) 10 B) 15 C) 20 D) 30
D) 30
- An endogenous ligand is:
A) any medication that binds to a receptor and causes a reaction.
B) a molecule that is produced by the body and binds to a receptor.
C) any molecule that is not naturally occurring in the human body.
D) a synthetically made hormone that acts upon the endocrine system.
B) a molecule that is produced by the body and binds to a receptor.
- Unlike endocrine hormones, exocrine hormones:
A) are carried to their target organs or cell groups via the blood.
B) reach their targets via a specific duct that opens into an organ.
C) diffuse through intracellular spaces to reach their target organs.
D) move through body water and act upon the cell that secreted them.
B) reach their targets via a specific duct that opens into an organ.
20. All of the following are endocrine hormones, EXCEPT: A) histamine. B) insulin. C) adrenaline. D) thyroxine.
A) histamine.
21. Enlargement of the left ventricle due to chronically elevated blood pressure is called: A) atrophy. B) dysplasia. C) hyperplasia. D) hypertrophy.
D) hypertrophy.
22. An alteration in the size, shape, and organization of cells is called: A) atrophy. B) metaplasia. C) dysplasia. D) hypertrophy.
C) dysplasia.
23. Approximately 45% of a person's body weight is: A) interstitial fluid. B) intracellular fluid. C) extracellular fluid. D) intravascular fluid.
B) intracellular fluid.
24. Cerebrospinal fluid and synovial fluid are MOST appropriately classified as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ fluids. A) interstitial B) intravascular C) intracellular D) extracellular
A) interstitial
- Dehydration is generally a more serious concern in older adults than in younger adults because:
A) older adults lose significantly more water through perspiration.
B) total body water constitutes only 45% of body weight in older adults.
C) renal function increases significantly in patients over 60 years of age.
D) a person’s total body water increases by 10% for each 10 years of life.
B) total body water constitutes only 45% of body weight in older adults.
- The net effect of osmosis is to:
A) equalize the amount of water on both sides of the cell membrane.
B) shift extracellular fluid to the intracellular and intravascular fluids.
C) passively transport a solution to an area of lower solute concentration.
D) equalize the concentrations of a solute on both sides of the cell membrane.
D) equalize the concentrations of a solute on both sides of the cell membrane.
27. The movement of water and a dissolved substance from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure is called: A) filtration. B) active transport. C) facilitated diffusion. D) passive transport diffusion.
A) filtration.
28. When comparing two solutions, the solution that has a higher solute concentration and a higher osmotic pressure is referred to as a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ solution. A) isotonic B) hypotonic C) hypertonic D) crystalloid
C) hypertonic
29. Lactated Ringer's is a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ solution because its solute concentration is equal to that of the inside of the cell. A) colloid B) isotonic C) hypotonic D) crystalloid
B) isotonic
- If the sodium potassium pump is impaired due to insufficient potassium in the body:
A) the cells will shrink and eventually die.
B) sodium accumulates and causes the cells to swell.
C) excess sodium fills the extracellular space.
D) water shifts from the cell and into the extracellular fluid.
B) sodium accumulates and causes the cells to swell.
31. Plasma comprises approximately \_\_\_% of the blood. A) 25 B) 35 C) 45 D) 55
D) 55
32. What type of pressure is generated by dissolved proteins in the plasma that are too large to penetrate the capillary membrane? A) Capillary hydrostatic pressure B) Tissue hydrostatic pressure C) Capillary colloidal osmotic pressure D) Tissue colloidal osmotic pressure
C) Capillary colloidal osmotic pressure
- Ascites is defined as:
A) an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
B) lower extremity edema caused by lymphatic obstruction.
C) fluid buildup in the lungs due to decreased cardiac function.
D) fluid backup in the periphery due to right atrial dysfunction.
A) an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.
34. The cardinal sign of overhydration is: A) edema. B) dyspnea. C) hypertension. D) tachycardia.
A) edema.
- Acute pulmonary edema:
A) commonly results from right-sided heart failure.
B) results in excess elimination of carbon dioxide.
C) is characterized by progressively worsening dyspnea.
D) impairs oxygen diffusion into the pulmonary capillaries.
D) impairs oxygen diffusion into the pulmonary capillaries.
36. Edema in an upper extremity following a mastectomy is the result of: A) localized vasoconstriction. B) decreased lymphatic drainage. C) obstruction of a large blood vessel. D) surgery-induced inflammation.
B) decreased lymphatic drainage.
- When blood osmolarity increases:
A) the kidneys excrete more water from the body through diuresis in an attempt to normalize the blood’s osmolarity.
B) osmoreceptors located in the hypothalamus stimulate the release of vasopressin, which causes the body to retain water.
C) the pituitary gland releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which stimulates the kidneys to resorb water and decrease the blood’s osmolarity.
D) volume-sensitive receptors in the atria stretch, causing the release of natriuretic proteins that normalize the blood’s osmolarity.
C) the pituitary gland releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which stimulates the kidneys to resorb water and decrease the blood’s osmolarity.
38. Baroreceptors, which are located in the carotid artery, aorta, and kidneys, are MOST sensitive to changes in: A) fluid volume. B) blood pressure. C) acid-base balance. D) sodium concentrations.
B) blood pressure.
39. The MOST prevalent cation of the extracellular fluid is: A) sodium. B) chloride. C) potassium. D) bicarbonate.
A) sodium.
40. Renin is a protein that is released into the bloodstream by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in response to changes in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A) kidneys, blood pressure B) liver, acid-base balance C) pancreas, insulin levels D) hypothalamus, body temperature
A) kidneys, blood pressure
- When renin is released:
A) the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II is inhibited, which facilitates excretion of sodium via the kidneys.
B) the lungs convert the plasma protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which dilates the renal blood vessels and increases kidney function.
C) the pancreatic alpha cells secrete the hormone glucagon, which facilitates the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver.
D) the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which stimulates sodium resorption by the renal tubules.
D) the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which stimulates sodium resorption by the renal tubules.
- Aldosterone acts on the kidneys by:
A) increasing potassium reabsorption into the blood and enhancing sodium elimination in the urine.
B) dilating the renal vasculature, thus enhancing renal blood flow and facilitating sodium excretion.
C) increasing sodium reabsorption into the blood and enhancing potassium elimination in the urine.
D) constricting the renal vasculature, thus slowing renal blood flow and decreasing the glomerular filtration rate.
C) increasing sodium reabsorption into the blood and enhancing potassium elimination in the urine.
43. The tension exerted on a cell due to water movement across the cell membrane is referred to as: A) osmosis. B) tonicity. C) diffusion. D) active transport.
B) tonicity.
44. A patient with kidney or liver failure would MOST likely develop: A) severe dehydration. B) an increase in isotonic fluid. C) cellular shrinkage and death. D) excessive hypertonic fluid levels.
B) an increase in isotonic fluid.
45. Orthostatic hypotension and oliguria are common manifestations of: A) dehydration. B) fluid overload. C) hypernatremia D) left-sided heart failure.
A) dehydration.
46. Which of the following factors would MOST likely cause hyponatremia? A) Mild fever B) A seizure C) Acute nausea D) Diuretic use
D) Diuretic use
47. Hyperkalemia is defined as: A) excess potassium in the cells. B) a relative deficit of sodium. C) an elevated serum potassium level. D) a critically low magnesium level.
C) an elevated serum potassium level.
Ans: C
Page: 344
Type: General Knowledge
48. All of the following factors would cause potassium to shift into the cell, EXCEPT: A) alkalosis. B) epinephrine release. C) increased vagal tone. D) insulin administration.
C) increased vagal tone.
Ans: C
Page: 344
Type: General Knowledge
49. A diabetic patient who failed to take his or her insulin and presents with peaked T waves on the cardiac monitor and muscle weakness is MOST likely: A) hypocalcemic. B) hyperkalemic. C) hypokalemic. D) hypoglycemic.
B) hyperkalemic.
Ans: B
Page: 344
Type: General Knowledge
50. Which of the following medications does NOT shift potassium into the cells? A) Insulin B) Albuterol C) Bicarbonate D) 50% dextrose
D) 50% dextrose
Ans: D
Page: 344
Type: General Knowledge
51. Muscle cramps and paresthesias in a malnourished patient with alcoholism are MOST likely the result of: A) hypocalcemia. B) hypernatremia. C) hyperkalemia. D) hypermagnesemia.
A) hypocalcemia.
Ans: A
Page: 345
Type: General Knowledge
52. Half of the body's magnesium is stored in the: A) bones. B) kidneys. C) skeletal muscle. D) extracellular fluid.
A) bones.
Ans: A
Page: 346
Type: General Knowledge
- A patient with chronic renal insufficiency who has been taking laxatives and presents with confusion, muscle weakness, and decreased deep tendon reflexes MOST likely has:
A) decreased serum sodium levels.
B) an overall decrease in serum potassium.
C) an increased serum level of magnesium.
D) increased intracellular magnesium levels.
C) an increased serum level of magnesium.
Ans: C
Page: 346
Type: General Knowledge
54. Acid-base balance normally remains in a physiologic pH range of: A) 7.25-7.35. B) 7.35-7.45. C) 7.45-7.55. D) 7.55-8.25.
B) 7.35-7.45.
Ans: B
Page: 347
Type: General Knowledge
55. The MOST major challenge to pH homeostasis is: A) hyperventilation. B) CO2 elimination. C) acute fluid loss. D) acid production.
D) acid production.
Ans: D
Page: 348
Type: General Knowledge