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Medic - Exam 2 > Chapter 8 - Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Acid-Base Balance

A

Delicate balance between the body’s acidity and alkalinity

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2
Q

Active Transport

A

A process used to move substances against the concentration gradient or toward the side that has a higher concentration; requires he use of energy by the cell but is faster than diffusion

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3
Q

Aldosterone

A

A hormone responsible for the reabsorption of sodium and water from the kidney tubules

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4
Q

Anion

A

A negatively charged ion

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5
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

A hormone release in response to detected loss of body water; prevents further loss of water through the urinary tract by promoting the reabsorption of water into the blood

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6
Q

Anucleated

A

Cells of the body that do not have a central nucleus, such as those in cardiac muscle

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7
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in cell size that negatively affects function

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8
Q

Buffer Systems

A

Compensatory mechanisms that act together to control pH

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9
Q

Capsid

A

Layers of protein enveloping the genome of a virion; composed of structural units called the capsomeres

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10
Q

Capsule

A

A membranous shell surrounding certain microorganisms, such as the pneumococcus bacterium

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11
Q

Catabolism

A

Process of breaking down complex substances into more simple ones

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12
Q

Cation

A

A positively charged ion

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13
Q

Cellular Swelling

A

Swelling of cellular tissues, usually from injury

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14
Q

Chromatin

A

Material with a cell nucleus from which the chromosomes are formed

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15
Q

Chromosomes

A

Any of the threadlike structures in the nucleus of a cell that function in the transmission of genetic information; each consists of a double strand of DNA attached to proteins called histones

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16
Q

Cytosol

A

Liquid medium of the cytoplasm

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17
Q

Dehydration

A

A state in which the body has an excessive water loss from the tissues

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18
Q

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A

Genetic material passed on to the cell from the parent cell

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19
Q

Diapedesis

A

Migration of phagocytes through the endothelial wall of the vasculature into surrounding tissues

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20
Q

Differentiation

A

Process by which the cell becomes specialized for a specific purpose, such as a cardiac cell versus a bone cell

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21
Q

Diffusion

A

Spreading out of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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22
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormal cell growth; cells take on an abnormal size, shape, and organization as a result of ongoing irritation or inflammation

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23
Q

Edema

A

A collection of water in the interstitial space

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24
Q

Endogenous

A

Produced within the organism

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25
Q

Endotoxin

A

A substance contained in the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria, generally released during the destruction of the bacteria by either the host organism’s defense mechanisms or by treatment with medications

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26
Q

Eukaryotes

A

One of the two major classes of cells found in higher life forms (more complex in structure)

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27
Q

Exogenous

A

Produced outside the organism

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28
Q

Exotoxin

A

Proteins released during the growth phase of the bacteria that may cause systemic effects

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29
Q

Extracellular Fluid (ECF)

A

The fluid found outside the cells

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30
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Movement of substances across a membrane by binding to a helper protein integrated into the cell wall and highly selective about the chemicals allowed to cross the membrane

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31
Q

Gangrenous Necrosis

A

Tissue death over a large area

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32
Q

Gene

A

The biologic unit of inheritance, consisting of a particular nucleotide sequence with a DNA molecule that occupies a precise locus on a chromosome and codes for a specific polypeptide chain

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33
Q

Germ Theory

A

Controversial theory developed in the 1600s in which microorganisms were first identified as the possible cause of some disease processes

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34
Q

Glycolysis

A

Process by which glucose and other sugars are broken down to yield lactic acid (anaerobic glycolysis) or pyruvic acid (aerobic glycolysis). The breakdown releases energy in the form of ATP

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35
Q

Gram-Negative Bacteria

A

Bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in Gram’s stain and that take the color of the red counterstain

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36
Q

Gram-Positive Bacteria

A

Bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain used in Gram stain

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37
Q

Homeostasis

A

Balance; a stable environment in the human body

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38
Q

Hormones

A

Broad reaching chemical mediators released in one part of the body but with an effect in another part of the body

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39
Q

Hydration

A

Process of taking in fluids with the normal daily output

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40
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Attracts water molecules

41
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Repels water molecules

42
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Pressure exerted by a fluid from its weight

43
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

A state in which the body has an abnormally high level of calcium

44
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

A state in which the body has an abnormally elevated potassium level

45
Q

Hypermagnesemia

A

A state in which the body has and abnormally elevated concentration of magnesium in the blood

46
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Abnormal cell division that increase the number of a specific type of cell

47
Q

Hypersensitivity Reaction

A

An immune response that is excessive beyond the bounds of normalcy to an point that it leads to damage (as with endotoxins) or is potentially damaging to the individual

48
Q

Hypertonic

A

In a membrane, the side with the higher concentration in an imbalance in the ionic concentration from one side to the other

49
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Enlargement or increase in the size of a cell or tissue

50
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

A state in which the body has an abnormally low calcium level

51
Q

Hypokalemia

A

A state in which the level of potassium in the serum falls below 3.5 mEq/L

52
Q

Hypomagnesemia

A

A state in which the body has an abnormally low serum concentration of magnesium

53
Q

Hypotonic

A

In a membrane, the side with the lower concentration when an imbalance exists in the ionic concentration from one side to the other

54
Q

Incidence Rate

A

The rate of contraction of a disease versus how many are currently sick with the disease

55
Q

Intercalated Discs

A

The cell-to-cell connection with gap junctions between cardiac muscle cells

56
Q

Intracellular Fluid (ICF)

A

Fluid found within cells

57
Q

Intravascular Compartment

A

Area consisting of fluid outside cells but inside the circulatory system; the majority of intravascular fluid is plasma, which is the fluid component of blood

58
Q

Isotonic

A

A balance in the ionic concentration from one side of the membrane to the other

59
Q

Lipid Accumulation

A

Accumulation of lipids in cells, usually asa result of the failure or inadequate performance of the enzyme that metabolizes fat

60
Q

Lymphedema

A

Edema that follows when lymphatic pathways are blocked and fluid accumulates in the interstitial space

61
Q

Margination

A

Process of phagocytes adhering to capillary and venule walls in the early phases of inflammation

62
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all physical and chemical changes that occur within an organism

63
Q

Metaplasia

A

The transformation of one type of mature differentiated cell into another type of mature differentiated cell

64
Q

Mitosis

A

The process of cell division

65
Q

Mortality Rate

A

The number of patients who have died from a disease in a given period

66
Q

Mutate

A

To change in an unusual way

67
Q

Mycoses

A

Disease caused by fungi

68
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

Specialized lymphocytes capable of killing infected or malignant cells

69
Q

Neuroglia

A

Support cells that do not transmit nerve impulses but are critical to proper function

70
Q

Neuron

A

A highly specialized cell responsible for converting stimuli into nerve impulses that move throughout the body

71
Q

Normal Flora

A

Nonthreatening bacteria found naturally in the human body that, in some cases, are necessary for normal function

72
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

The outer boundary between the nucleus and the rest of the cell to the endoplasmic reticulum for protein synthesis

73
Q

Oncotic Pressure

A

The net effect of opposing osmotic pressures in the capillary beds

74
Q

Organ

A

A grouping of similarly functioning tissues that work together to accomplish certain functions

75
Q

Organelles

A

Structures within cells that perform specialized functions

76
Q

Organ Systems

A

The coordination of several organs working together

77
Q

Osmolarity

A

The number, or concentration, of solutes per liter of water

78
Q

Osmotic Gradient

A

The difference in the concentration from one side of the membrane to the other in the presence of an imbalance in the ionic concentration

79
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

The pressure exerted by the concentration of the solutes in a given space

80
Q

Phagocytes

A

Cells that are part of the body’s immune system that play a predominant role in the destruction of invading microorganisms

81
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

A double layer composed of three types of lipid molecules that comprise the plasma membrane

82
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Outer surface of the cell

83
Q

Prevalence Rate

A

The fraction of the population that currently has a certain disease

84
Q

Prokaryotes

A

One of the kingdoms of cells; simpler in structure and found in lower life forms such as bacteria

85
Q

Pyrogenic

A

Substances, such as endotoxins from certain bacteria, that stimulate the body to produce a fever

86
Q

Resistance

A

The ability of the body to defend itself against disease-causing microorganisms

87
Q

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

A

Genetic material responsible for ribosome production

88
Q

Saponification

A

A form of necrosis in which fatty acids combine with certain electrolytes to form soap

89
Q

Septicemia

A

A serious medical condition characterized by vasodilation that leads to hypotension, tissue hypoxia, and eventually shock; usually caused by gram-negative bacteria; diagnosed by blood tests call cultures

90
Q

Stem Cells

A

Formative cells whose daughter cells may give rise to other cell types

91
Q

Stimuli

A

Anything that excites or incites an organism or part to function, become active, or respond

92
Q

Susceptibility

A

Vulnerability or weakness; the opposite or resistance.

93
Q

Thirst Mechanism

A

Sensation activated by cells in the hypothalamus when cells called osmoreceptors detect an imbalance in body water; as the body is replenished by drinking fluid, the osmoreceptors sense a return to baseline and turn off this mechanism

94
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells that are similar in structure and function

95
Q

Total Body Water (TBW)

A

The total amount of fluid in the body at any given time

96
Q

Transcellular Compartment

A

Compartment classified as extracellular but distinct because it is formed from the transport activities of cells; cerebrospinal fluid, bladder urine, the aqueous humor, and the synovial fluid of the joints are considered transcellular

97
Q

Virions

A

Small particles of viruses

98
Q

Virulence

A

A term to describe the relative pathogenicity or the relative ability to do damage to the host of an infectious agent

Medic - Exam 2 (1 decks)

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