Chapter 8 - Pathophysiology Flashcards
Prostaglandins
A group of lipids that act as chemical messengers
Immune System
The body system that includes all of the structures and processes designed to mount a defense against foreign substances and disease-causing agents.
The amount of time that it takes for blood to return to the capillary bed after applying pressure to the skin or nail bed; indicates the status of end-organ perfusion; reliable in children younger than 6 years.
Capillary refill Time
The passage of an unusually large volume of urine in a given period; in diabetes, this can result from wasting of glucose in the urine.
Polyuria
A pathologic condition that results from the accumulation of acids in the body; an increase in extracellular H+ ions; a blood pH of less than 7.35.
Acidosis
Circulatory failure caused by paralysis of the nerves that control the size of the blood vessels, resulting in widespread vasodilation and loss of sympathetic nervous system tone; seen in patients with spinal cord injuries.
Neurogenic Shock
A pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of less than 7.35 and caused by accumulation of acids in the body from a metabolic cause.
Metabolic Acidosis
An acidotic state created by the production of ketones via fat metabolism.
Ketoacidosis
Mediators of inflammation trigger the appearance of molecules known as selectins and integrins on the surfaces of endothelial cells and polymorphonuclear neutrophils, respectively.
Activation
Antibodies directed against the person’s own proteins.
Autoantibodies
The breakdown of fibrin in blood clots and the prevention of the polymerization of fibrin into new clots.
Fibrinolysis Cascade
A vasoactive amine that increases vascular permeability to cause vasodilation.
Serotonin
Shock caused by peripheral circulatory abnormalities; includes hypovolemic shock and distributive shock.
Peripheral Shock
Shock caused by peripheral circulatory abnormalities; includes hypovolemic shock and distributive shock.
Peripheral Shock
The cells released during a type IV allergic reaction that kill antigen-bearing target cells.
Killer T Cells
The type of shock that occurs as a result of widespread infection, usually bacterial; untreated, the result is multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and often death.
Septic Shock
The circulation of oxygenated blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells’ current needs.
Perfusion
A pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of less than 7.35 and caused by accumulation of acids in the body from a respiratory cause such as inadequate ventilation.
Respiratory Acidosis
An inherited disease in which the body absorbs more iron than it needs and stores it in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas.
Hemochromatosis
Slow respiratory rate; ominous sign in a child; indicates impending respiratory arrest.
Bradypnea
The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid between cells in body tissues, causing swelling of the affected area.
Edema
An unhealthy accumulation of body fat, defined as a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2.
Overweight
The polymorphonuclear neutrophils permeate through the vessel wall, moving into the interstitial space.
Transmigration (diapedesis)
A measure of the disease-causing ability of a microorganism.
Virulence
A decreased serum phosphate level.
Hypophosphatemia
Severe shock caused by an allergic reaction; a severe hypersensitivity reaction that involves bronchoconstriction and cardiovascular collapse.
Anaphylactic Shock
A contorted position of the hand or foot in which the fingers or toes flex in a clawlike manner; may result from hyperventilation or hypocalcemia.
Carpopedal Spasm
A reversible, cellular adaptation in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type.
Metaplasia
A congenital abnormality in which the body is unable to produce clots due to a lack of normal clotting factors, resulting in uncontrollable bleeding.
Hemophilia
A chronic inflammatory lower airway condition resulting in intermittent wheezing and excess mucus production; muscle spasm in the small air passageways and excess mucus result in airway obstruction.
Free Radical
A molecule that is missing one electron in its outer shell.
Ketones
