Chapter 8 - Pathophysiology

Question 1

Prostaglandins

Answer 1

A group of lipids that act as chemical messengers

Question 2

Immune System

Answer 2

The body system that includes all of the structures and processes designed to mount a defense against foreign substances and disease-causing agents.

Question 3

The amount of time that it takes for blood to return to the capillary bed after applying pressure to the skin or nail bed; indicates the status of end-organ perfusion; reliable in children younger than 6 years.

Answer 3

Capillary refill Time

Question 4

The passage of an unusually large volume of urine in a given period; in diabetes, this can result from wasting of glucose in the urine.

Answer 4

Polyuria

Question 5

A pathologic condition that results from the accumulation of acids in the body; an increase in extracellular H+ ions; a blood pH of less than 7.35.

Answer 5

Acidosis

Question 6

Circulatory failure caused by paralysis of the nerves that control the size of the blood vessels, resulting in widespread vasodilation and loss of sympathetic nervous system tone; seen in patients with spinal cord injuries.

Answer 6

Neurogenic Shock

Question 7

A pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of less than 7.35 and caused by accumulation of acids in the body from a metabolic cause.

Answer 7

Metabolic Acidosis

Question 8

An acidotic state created by the production of ketones via fat metabolism.

Answer 8

Ketoacidosis

Question 9

Mediators of inflammation trigger the appearance of molecules known as selectins and integrins on the surfaces of endothelial cells and polymorphonuclear neutrophils, respectively.

Answer 9

Activation

Question 10

Antibodies directed against the person’s own proteins.

Answer 10

Autoantibodies

Question 11

The breakdown of fibrin in blood clots and the prevention of the polymerization of fibrin into new clots.

Answer 11

Fibrinolysis Cascade

Question 12

A vasoactive amine that increases vascular permeability to cause vasodilation.

Answer 12

Serotonin

Question 13

Shock caused by peripheral circulatory abnormalities; includes hypovolemic shock and distributive shock.

Answer 13

Peripheral Shock

Question 14

Shock caused by peripheral circulatory abnormalities; includes hypovolemic shock and distributive shock.

Answer 14

Peripheral Shock

Question 15

The cells released during a type IV allergic reaction that kill antigen-bearing target cells.

Answer 15

Killer T Cells

Question 16

The type of shock that occurs as a result of widespread infection, usually bacterial; untreated, the result is multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and often death.

Answer 16

Septic Shock

Question 17

The circulation of oxygenated blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells’ current needs.

Answer 17

Perfusion

Question 18

A pathologic condition characterized by a blood pH of less than 7.35 and caused by accumulation of acids in the body from a respiratory cause such as inadequate ventilation.

Answer 18

Respiratory Acidosis

Question 19

An inherited disease in which the body absorbs more iron than it needs and stores it in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas.

Answer 19

Hemochromatosis

Question 20

Slow respiratory rate; ominous sign in a child; indicates impending respiratory arrest.

Answer 20

Bradypnea

Question 21

The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid between cells in body tissues, causing swelling of the affected area.

Answer 21

Edema

Question 22

An unhealthy accumulation of body fat, defined as a body mass index of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2.

Answer 22

Overweight

Question 23

The polymorphonuclear neutrophils permeate through the vessel wall, moving into the interstitial space.

Answer 23

Transmigration (diapedesis)

Question 24

A measure of the disease-causing ability of a microorganism.

Answer 24

Virulence

Question 25

A decreased serum phosphate level.

Answer 25

Hypophosphatemia

Question 26

Severe shock caused by an allergic reaction; a severe hypersensitivity reaction that involves bronchoconstriction and cardiovascular collapse.

Answer 26

Anaphylactic Shock

Question 27

A contorted position of the hand or foot in which the fingers or toes flex in a clawlike manner; may result from hyperventilation or hypocalcemia.

Answer 27

Carpopedal Spasm

Question 28

A reversible, cellular adaptation in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type.

Answer 28

Metaplasia

Question 29

A congenital abnormality in which the body is unable to produce clots due to a lack of normal clotting factors, resulting in uncontrollable bleeding.

Answer 29

Hemophilia

Question 30

A chronic inflammatory lower airway condition resulting in intermittent wheezing and excess mucus production; muscle spasm in the small air passageways and excess mucus result in airway obstruction.

Answer 30

Free Radical

Question 31

A molecule that is missing one electron in its outer shell.

Answer 31

Ketones