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Chemistry > Chapter 8- Organic > Flashcards

Chapter 8- Organic Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the first 10 prefixes for organic molecules

A

meth-
eth-
prop-
but-
pent-
hex-
hept-
oct-
non-
dec-

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2
Q

What is an alkane

A

A fully saturated hydrocarbon with only C-C single bonds

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3
Q

Alkane suffix

A

-ane

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4
Q

What is an alkene

A

An unsaturated hydrocarbon with 1 or more C=C bond

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5
Q

Alkene suffix

A

-ene

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6
Q

Alcohol functional group

A

-OH

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7
Q

Alcohol suffix

A

-ol

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8
Q

Alcohol Prefix

A

hydroxy-

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9
Q

Carboxylic acid functional group

A

-COOH

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10
Q

Carboxylic acid suffix

A

-oic acid

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11
Q

Alkyne functional group

A

C—C (triple bond)

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12
Q

Alkyne suffix

A

-yne

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13
Q

Haloalkane functional group

A

R-X (X=halogen)

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14
Q

Haloalkane prefix

A

chloro- , fluoro etc

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15
Q

Nitrile functional group

A

R-C-=N

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16
Q

Nitrile suffix

A

-nitrile

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17
Q

Ketone functional group

A

R-C=O
I
R

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18
Q

Ketone suffix

A

-one

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19
Q

Aldehyde functional group

A

R-C=O
I
H

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20
Q

Aldehyde suffix

A

-al

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21
Q

Ester functional group

A

R-C-O-R
II
O

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22
Q

Esther suffix

A

-oate

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23
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A series of related chemical compounds that have the same functional group

24
Q

What is the IUPAC name

A

the standardised naming convention

25
Q

What is chain isomerism

A

Same molecular formula but different arrangements of a molecule’s carbon skeleton

26
Q

What is structural isomerism

A

When molecules have the same molecular formula but different displayed formulae

27
Q

What is positional isomerism

A

different position of the same functional group in the molecule

28
Q

What is functional isomerism

A

Different arrangements of atoms give a different functional group

29
Q

What is Stereoisomerism

A

when two molecules with the same atoms bonded together are different due to different fixed spacial arrangements.

30
Q

What conditions are needed for thermal cracking

A

High temperature and pressures. creates lots of small alkenes

31
Q

Conditions for catalytic cracking

A

Fairly high temperatures and slight pressure. uses a zeolite catalyst. more economical than thermal and can create more desirable products

32
Q

how is sulphur dioxide removed from flue gas?

A

calcium carbonate slurry dropped on it, removed in a neutralisation reaction

33
Q

what are the 3 stages of free radical substitution

A

initiation
Propagation
termination

34
Q

what is a free radical

A

an atom containing an unpaired electron. very reactive, can rip an electron from an unpaired electron and create another free radical

35
Q

the decomposition of ozone is catalysed by what?

A

halogen free radicals

36
Q

Why do halogenoalkanes attract nucleophiles?

A

they have a polar bond which attracts the nucleophile

37
Q

What happens in elimination reaction?

A

a reaction that removes something creating a double bond

38
Q

How is NaOH both a nucleophile and a base

A

OH is -ve so attacks positive charge, but can also accept H+, so is basic

39
Q

How does an elimination reaction occur?

A

1- OH- picks off a hydrogen on the carbon adjacent to the halogen
2- electrons form C=C double bond
3-C-Br broken forming Br-

40
Q

What are the conditions for a nucleophilic substitution

A

Reagent: NaOH
Conditions: cold
Solvent: water

41
Q

What are the conditions for an elimination reaction

A

Reagent: NaOH
Conditions: Warm
Solvent; Ethanol

42
Q

When will molecules be soluble

A

if they have polar or hydrogen bonds

43
Q

what is a carbocation

A

an atom missing 1 electron (has +ve charge)

44
Q

Why are some carbocations more stable than others

A

primary (1 C atom) are less stable due to the inductive effect, can help to inform about the major or primary product

45
Q

what type of mechanism is a reaction of an alkene with a halogen, or alkenes with sulphuric acid

A

electrophilic addition

46
Q

What happens when a primary alcohol is oxidised

A

First oxidation- produces an aldehyde
Second oxidation- produces a carboxylic acid

47
Q

what conditions should an alcohol be oxidised under to produce a carboxyl

A

under reflux, so they can be oxidised multiple times

48
Q

what can secondary alcohols be oxidised to produce

A

ketones

49
Q

How do you test for aldehydes

A

Add tollen’s reagent- forms a silver mirror on the reaction flask.

50
Q

how can you test if you have tertiary alcohols

A

add an oxidising agent. if present colour will remain orange

51
Q

What is a positive result for aldehydes using fehling’s/benedict’s test?

A

colour change from blue solution to orange copper precipitate

52
Q

how can you reverse oxidation reactions?

A

reduction reactions, which remove oxygen and are shown by [H]

53
Q

How are alcohols formed from alkenes

A

elimination reactions called hydration reaction. done under high temperatures and pressures

54
Q

other than hydration, how can ethanol be formed

A

fermentation

55
Q

how can the production of ethanol by fermentation be described as carbon neutral

A

removes the same amount of CO2 from photosynthesis as is produced by fermentation and combustion

Chemistry (7 decks)

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