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Biology 112/113 > Chapter 8: Mitosis > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Mitosis Flashcards

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1
Q

For every 200 chromosomes . . .

A

DNA duplex is cooked around a core of 8 histone proteins called a nucleosome.
—> Further coiled into solenoid

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2
Q

G1 Phase

A
  • Primary growth phase
  • major portion of cell life
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3
Q

S phase

A
  • DNA Synthesis
  • DNA replication (creates 2 copies of each chromosome)
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4
Q

G2 Phase

A
  • Final preparations for cell division
  • Replicates mitochondria
  • Chromosomes condense
  • Synthesis of Microtubules
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5
Q

Prophase

A
  • Replicated chromosomes condense further
  • nucleolus disappears & the cell dismantles the nuclear envelope
  • Assembles apparatus to pull sister chromatids to opposite side of the cell
  • Spindle fibers—network of protein cables—are formed
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6
Q

Metaphase

A
  • Sister chromatids align in the middle of the cell
  • Spindle fibers attack to the kinetochores of centromeres
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7
Q

Anaphase

A
  • Sister chromatids are split and pulled to opposite ends of cell
  • Each pole has 1 set of chromosomes
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8
Q

Telophase

A
  • Disassembles Mitotic Spindle
  • Nucleolus reappears
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9
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • Initial pinching of nucleus for division
  • Signals end of division
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10
Q

Mitosis

A

Mechanism of cell division that occurs in an organism’s non-reproductive cells, or somatic cells

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11
Q

Homologous Chromosomes (Mitosis)

A

Two chromosomes in a pair

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12
Q

Haploid Cells

A

Two of each type of chromosome

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13
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

Two identical copies of a chromosome formed by DNA replication

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14
Q

Centromere

A

Linkage site in the center of homologous chromosomes

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15
Q

Human chromosomes . . .

A

Can be paired as homologous chromosomes by size, shape, location of centromere, and so on.

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16
Q

What are chromosomes composed of?

A

Chromatin (DNA & Protein)

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17
Q

Histones

A

Positively charged brackets that the DNA helix wraps around.

18
Q

Kinetochore

A

Site on centromere that spindle fiber connects to in order to pull sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell.

19
Q

G1 Checkpoint (Assessing Cell Growth)

A
  • Location: End of G1 is phase
  • Key decision of whether cell should divide, delay division, or be committed to G0 phase (resting phase)
20
Q

G2 Checkpoint (Assessing DNA Replication)

A
  • Location: After G2 phase before prophase
  • Prevents DNA-damaged cells from entering mitosis and allows for the repair of DNA replicated in late S and early G2 phase.
  • Triggers the start of Metaphase (M phase)
21
Q

M checkpoint (Assessing Mitosis)

A
  • Location: After metaphase, before anaphase
  • Examines whether or not sister chromatids are correctly attached to spindle fibers
  • Triggers the exit from from mitosis and cytokinesis, the beginning of G1 phase (beginning of cell cycle)
22
Q

Growth Factors

A

Small proteins that bind to the plasmas membrane and trigger intracellular signaling systems.

23
Q

Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)

A
  • Found in connective tissue known as Fibroblasts
  • By binding to membrane receptor, PDGF initiates a chain of internal cell signals that stimulates cell division
  • PDGF, and similar GFs, override cellular controls that inhibit cell division. In the case of an injury, a blood clot forms, PDGF is released, neighboring cells are signaled to divide, and the wound is healed.
24
Q

G0 Phase

A
  • If cells are deprived of appropriate growth factories, they stop at G1 checkpoint and remain in the resting phase.
25
Q

Cytokinesis in Plants

A
  • Due to the toughness of the cell wall in plants, plant cells create a cell plate that will divide the cell, where as, in animals, the cell is pinched.
26
Q

Prokaryotic cells divide by

A

Binary fission

27
Q

The G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle are collectively known as

A

Interphase

28
Q

The proper sequence, beginning to end, for the stages of mitosis

A

Prophase-anaphase-metaphase-telophase

29
Q

During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA Synthesized?

A

S

30
Q

During which stage of mitosis do replicated chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope disappears?

A

Prophase

31
Q

The spindle is

A

The network of protein cables that will pull the chromatids to opposite ends of the cell

32
Q

You look in the microscope and see sister chromatids moving to opposite sides of cell. You conclude that the cell is in

A

Anaphase

33
Q

In which cell type would a cell plate form after telophase is complete

A

Plants

34
Q

When the chromosomes line up at the equatorial plane, you can conclude that the cell is in

A

Metaphase

35
Q

During which mitotic stage is the spindle disassembled, the nuclear membrane formed, and the chromosomes uncoiled?

A

Telophase

36
Q

TRUE or FALSE: Interphase is not a stage in mitosis

A

TRUE

37
Q

During metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up on the equatorial plane

38
Q

TRUE or FALSE: The nuclear membrane disappears during telophase

A

FALSE

39
Q

After duplication, sister chromatids remain joined together

A

By the centromere

40
Q

During which stage of the cell cycle does the mitotic spindle begin to form

A

Prophase

Biology 112/113 (2 decks)

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