Chapter 8 - Metabolism

Question 0

Pathway that begins with a certain molecule which is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product; each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme

Answer 0

Metabolic pathway

Question 1

Totality of an organism’s chemical reactions

Answer 1

Metabolism

Question 2

Degradative processes; breakdown pathways

Answer 2

Catabolic pathways

Question 3

Consume energy to build complicated molecules from smaller ones; bio synthetic pathways

Answer 3

Anabolic pathways

Question 4

Study of how energy flows through living organisms

Answer 4

Bioenergetics

Question 5

Capacity to cause change

Answer 5

Energy

Question 6

Energy of motion

Answer 6

Kinetic energy

Question 7

Energy based on an object’s structure or location

Answer 7

Potential energy

Question 8

Energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules

Answer 8

Thermal energy

Question 9

Thermal energy in transfer from one object to another

Answer 9

Heat

Question 10

Potential energy available for a chemical reaction

Answer 10

Chemical energy

Question 11

Study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

Answer 11

Thermodynamics

Question 12

The energy of the universe is constant: “Energy can be transformed or transferred but not created or destroyed.”

Answer 12

First law of thermodynamics

Question 13

Quantity used to measure disorder, randomness

Answer 13

Entropy

Question 14

“Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.”

Answer 14

Second law of thermodynamics

Question 15

A process that by itself leads to an increase in entropy that can proceed without requiring the input of energy

Answer 15

Spontaneous process

Question 16

Portion of the system’s energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout a system

Answer 16

Free energy

Question 17

Energy outward; proceeds with a net release of free energy

Answer 17

Exergonic reaction

Question 18

Energy inward; absorbs free energy from its surroundings

Answer 18

Endergonic reaction

Question 19

Use of an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic one

Answer 19

Energy coupling

Question 20

Ribose with adenine and a chain of 3 phosphate groups bonded to it; plays a role in energy coupling and the making of RNA

Answer 20

ATP

Question 21

A molecule with a phosphate group covalently bonded to it making it more reactive than an unphosphorylated molecule

Answer 21

Phosphorylated intermediate

Question 22

A macromolecule (protein) that acts as a catalyst

Answer 22

Enzyme

Question 23

Chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

Answer 23

Catalyst

Question 24

Initial investment of energy for starting a reaction; the energy required to contort the reactant molecules so the bonds can break

Answer 24

Activation energy

Question 25

The reactant an enzyme acts on

Answer 25

Substrate

Question 26

The enzyme bound to a substrate that while they are joined, the catalytic action of the enzyme converts the substance to the product of the reaction

Answer 26

Enzyme-substrate complex

Question 27

Restricted region of the enzyme molecule that actually binds to the substrate; typically a pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme where catalysis occurs

Answer 27

Active site

Question 28

Caused by the entry of the substrate, the change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate

Answer 28

Induced fit

Question 29

Nonproteins that help enzymes with catalytic activity; they may be bound tightly to the enzyme as permanent residents or loosely and reversibly along with the substrate

Answer 29

Cofactors

Question 30

Organic molecule cofactor

Answer 30

Coenzyme

Question 31

Reversible inhibitors that resemble the normal substrate molecule and compete for admission to the active site

Answer 31

Competitive inhibitors

Question 32

Do not directly compete with the substrate to bind to the enzyme at the active site

Answer 32

Noncompetitive inhibitors

Question 33

Any case in which a protein’s function at one site is affected by the binding of a regulatory molecule to a separate site; may result in either inhibition or stimulation of an enzyme’s activity

Answer 33

Allosteric regulation

Question 34

A kind of allosteric activation where a substrate molecule binding to one active site in a multisubunit enzyme triggers a shape change in all the subunits, thereby increasing catalytic activity at the other active sites

Answer 34

Cooperativity

Question 35

Common mode of metabolic control in which a metabolic pathway is halted by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway

Answer 35

Feedback inhibition