Chapter 8: memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

learning that persists overtime through encoding, storage, and retrieval of info

Question 2

Flashbulb memory

Answer 2

A clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event.

Question 3

Encoding

Answer 3

process of getting info int memory

Question 4

Storage

Answer 4

process of retaining encoded info overtime

Question 5

Retrieval

Answer 5

process of getting info out of memory

Question 6

Sensory memory

Answer 6

the immediate, brief recording of sensory info in the memory system

Question 7

Short-term memory

Answer 7

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before info is stored or forgotten

Question 8

Long term memory

Answer 8

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

Question 9

Working memory

Answer 9

active processing of incoming auditory and visual info and of info retrieved from long term memory

Question 10

Automatic processing

Answer 10

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

Question 11

Effortful processing

Answer 11

encoding that requires attention and conscious effect

Question 12

Rehersal

Answer 12

the conscious repetition of info

Question 13

Spacing effect

Answer 13

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Question 14

Serial position effect

Answer 14

our tendency to recall best te last(recency effect) and first(primacy effect) items in a list

Question 15

Visual encoding

Answer 15

encoding of images

Question 16

Acoustic encoding

Answer 16

the encoding of sounds

Question 17

Semantic encoding

Answer 17

encoding of meaning

Question 18

Mnemonics

Answer 18

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Question 19

Chunking

Answer 19

organizing items into familiar, manageable units

Question 20

Iconic memory

Answer 20

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli

Question 21

Echoic memory

Answer 21

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

Question 22

Long-term potentiation(LTP)

Answer 22

an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation;neural basis for learning and memory

Question 23

Amnesia

Answer 23

partial or total loss of memory

Question 24

Implicit memory

Answer 24

retention of learning skills or classical conditioned associations without conscious recollection

Question 24

Explicit memory

Answer 24

retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

Question 25

Hippocampus

Answer 25

a neural center located in the limbic system;helps process explicit memories for storage

Question 26

Recall

Answer 26

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

Question 27

Recognition

Answer 27

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test

Question 28

Relearning

Answer 28

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

Question 29

Priming

Answer 29

the activation(unconsciously) of certain associations, thus predisposing ones perception, memory, or response

Question 30

Déjá vu

Answer 30

that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

Question 31

Mood-congruent memory

Answer 31

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones’s current mood or bad mood

Question 32

Proactive interference

Answer 32

the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new info

Question 33

Retroactive interference

Answer 33

the backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information

Question 34

Repression

Answer 34

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Question 35

Misinformation effect

Answer 35

incorporating misinformation into one’s memory of an event

Question 36

Source Amnesia

Answer 36

forgetting or misremembering the true source of a memory

Question 37

Semantic network theory

Answer 37

ability to form new memories depends upon the depth of processing

Question 38

Shallow prcessing

Answer 38

structural encoding emphasizes structure of sensory info

Question 39

Deep processing

Answer 39

semantic encoding involves forming an association or attaching meaning to a sensory impression and results in longer-lasting memories

Question 40

Schema

Answer 40

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

Question 41

Retrieval cue

Answer 41

a stimulus that provides a trigger to get an item out of memory

Question 42

Primacy effect

Answer 42

the tendency to better recall items at beggining of a list

Question 43

Recency effect

Answer 43

the tendency to better recall items at the end of a list

Question 44

Context-dependent memory

Answer 44

The theory that information learned in a particular situation or place is better remembered when in that same situation or place.

Question 45

State-dependent memory

Answer 45

tendency to recall info better when in the same internal state as when the info was encoded

Question 46

Tip-of-the tongue phenomenon

Answer 46

the often temporary inability to access info accompanied by the feeling that the info is in the LTM

Question 47

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 47

inability to put new info into explicit memory resulting from damage to hippocampus;no new semantic memories are formed

Question 48

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 48

memory loss for a segment of the past, usually around the time of an accident

Question 49

Distributed practice

Answer 49

spreading out te memorization of info or the learning skills over several sessions, typically produces better retrieval than massed practice

Question 50

Cognition

Answer 50

the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating