Chapter 8: memory Flashcards
Memory
learning that persists overtime through encoding, storage, and retrieval of info
Flashbulb memory
A clear and vivid long-term memory of an especially meaningful and emotional event.
Encoding
process of getting info int memory
Storage
process of retaining encoded info overtime
Retrieval
process of getting info out of memory
Sensory memory
the immediate, brief recording of sensory info in the memory system
Short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly before info is stored or forgotten
Long term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
Working memory
active processing of incoming auditory and visual info and of info retrieved from long term memory
Automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
Effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effect
Rehersal
the conscious repetition of info
Spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
Serial position effect
our tendency to recall best te last(recency effect) and first(primacy effect) items in a list
Visual encoding
encoding of images
Acoustic encoding
the encoding of sounds
Semantic encoding
encoding of meaning
Mnemonics
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units
Iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
Echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
Long-term potentiation(LTP)
an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation;neural basis for learning and memory
Amnesia
partial or total loss of memory
Implicit memory
retention of learning skills or classical conditioned associations without conscious recollection
Explicit memory
retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
Hippocampus
a neural center located in the limbic system;helps process explicit memories for storage
Recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
Recognition
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
Relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
Priming
the activation(unconsciously) of certain associations, thus predisposing ones perception, memory, or response
Déjá vu
that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
Mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones’s current mood or bad mood
Proactive interference
the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new info
Retroactive interference
the backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information
Repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
Misinformation effect
incorporating misinformation into one’s memory of an event
Source Amnesia
forgetting or misremembering the true source of a memory
Semantic network theory
ability to form new memories depends upon the depth of processing
Shallow prcessing
structural encoding emphasizes structure of sensory info
Deep processing
semantic encoding involves forming an association or attaching meaning to a sensory impression and results in longer-lasting memories
Schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
Retrieval cue
a stimulus that provides a trigger to get an item out of memory
Primacy effect
the tendency to better recall items at beggining of a list
Recency effect
the tendency to better recall items at the end of a list
Context-dependent memory
The theory that information learned in a particular situation or place is better remembered when in that same situation or place.
State-dependent memory
tendency to recall info better when in the same internal state as when the info was encoded
Tip-of-the tongue phenomenon
the often temporary inability to access info accompanied by the feeling that the info is in the LTM
Anterograde amnesia
inability to put new info into explicit memory resulting from damage to hippocampus;no new semantic memories are formed
Retrograde amnesia
memory loss for a segment of the past, usually around the time of an accident
Distributed practice
spreading out te memorization of info or the learning skills over several sessions, typically produces better retrieval than massed practice
Cognition
the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
