Chapter 8: Language & Thought

Question 1

Phonology

Answer 1

a language’s sound system

Question 2

Morphology:

Answer 2

a language’s rules for word formation

Question 3

Syntax:

Answer 3

rules for combining words into acceptable phrases and sentences

Question 4

Semantics:

Answer 4

meaning of words and sentences

Question 5

Cooing/Babbling (babies AND parents!)

Answer 5

0-6m

Question 6

Sounds of spoken language

Answer 6

6-12m

Question 7

~50 single-word vocabulary

Answer 7

12-18m

Question 8

~200 word vocabulary + pairing words

Answer 8

18-24m

Question 9

Increase vocabulary; plurals, tense

Answer 9

2y

Question 10

Length of sentence increases, questions (a LOT!)

Answer 10

3-4y

Question 11

~10K words, coordinated sentences

Answer 11

5-6y

Question 12

More skilled use of sentences, ability to converse

Answer 12

6-8y

Question 13

Synonyms, strategic conversations

Answer 13

9-11y

Question 14

Abstract words, complex grammar, metaphor and satire

Answer 14

11-14y

Question 15

Evolution of adult-level language abilities, complex abstract concepts, elaborate and express complex ideas in a logical fashion

Answer 15

15-20y

Question 16

Information that supports ideas – ignore contrary evidence (non-objective)

Answer 16

CONFIRMATORY BIAS

Question 17

Holding onto a belief despite the existence of contrary evidence

Answer 17

BELIEF PERSEVERANCE

Question 18

Being more confident about judgments and decisions than is warranted by the evidence and the “real” probability of an event or issue

Answer 18

OVER-CONFIDENCE BIAS

Question 19

Over-confident about events and circumstances that have already occurred

Answer 19

HINDSIGHT BIAS

Question 20

Prediction about the likelihood of an event occurring based on the frequency of the event’s past occurrence

Answer 20

AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC

Question 21

Faulty decisions or judgments based on how well an issue or event matches a prototype or representative example

Answer 21

REPRESENTATIVENESS HEURISTIC

Question 22

Believing that an event has a higher baserate of occurrence than it actually does
Plus – low baserate events are difficult to predict accurately

Answer 22

PROBLEM OF BASERATES

Question 23

The belief that things are correlated when they are not
“Halo effect” – the tendency to rate individuals in a highly similar manner across different rating dimensions, resulting in very high correlations – much higher than is actually warranted

Answer 23

ILLUSORY CORRELATION