Chapter 8: Language & Thought Flashcards
Phonology
a language’s sound system
Morphology:
a language’s rules for word formation
Syntax:
rules for combining words into acceptable phrases and sentences
Semantics:
meaning of words and sentences
Cooing/Babbling (babies AND parents!)
0-6m
Sounds of spoken language
6-12m
~50 single-word vocabulary
12-18m
~200 word vocabulary + pairing words
18-24m
Increase vocabulary; plurals, tense
2y
Length of sentence increases, questions (a LOT!)
3-4y
~10K words, coordinated sentences
5-6y
More skilled use of sentences, ability to converse
6-8y
Synonyms, strategic conversations
9-11y
Abstract words, complex grammar, metaphor and satire
11-14y
Evolution of adult-level language abilities, complex abstract concepts, elaborate and express complex ideas in a logical fashion
15-20y
Information that supports ideas – ignore contrary evidence (non-objective)
CONFIRMATORY BIAS
Holding onto a belief despite the existence of contrary evidence
BELIEF PERSEVERANCE
Being more confident about judgments and decisions than is warranted by the evidence and the “real” probability of an event or issue
OVER-CONFIDENCE BIAS
Over-confident about events and circumstances that have already occurred
HINDSIGHT BIAS
Prediction about the likelihood of an event occurring based on the frequency of the event’s past occurrence
AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC
Faulty decisions or judgments based on how well an issue or event matches a prototype or representative example
REPRESENTATIVENESS HEURISTIC
Believing that an event has a higher baserate of occurrence than it actually does
Plus – low baserate events are difficult to predict accurately
PROBLEM OF BASERATES
The belief that things are correlated when they are not
“Halo effect” – the tendency to rate individuals in a highly similar manner across different rating dimensions, resulting in very high correlations – much higher than is actually warranted
ILLUSORY CORRELATION
