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CHM020 - ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR BIOLOGY > Chapter 8 - Introduction to Analytical Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Introduction to Analytical Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

It is the science of obtaining, processing, and communicating information about the composition and structure of matter

A

Analytical Chemistry

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2
Q

Analyrtical Chemistry is the ____ and ____ of determining what _____ __ and how much of it _____

A
  • art and science
  • matter is
  • exists
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3
Q

Analytical chemistry is a ______ ____ consisting of a set of ____ ____ and _____ that are useful in all fields of _____ and ______

A
  • measurement science
  • powerful ideas and methods
  • science and engineering
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4
Q

Both _____ and _____ information are required in an analysis

A

Qualitative and Quantitative

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5
Q

The role of analytic chemistry

A

is applied throughout industry, medicine, and all the science

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6
Q

The role of quatitative analytical measurements

A

play a vital role in chemistry, biochemistry, biology, geology, physics, and the other sciences

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7
Q

The _______ _____ of chemical analysis makes it a vital tool in medical, industrial, government, and academic laboratories throughout the world

A

interdisciplinary nature

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8
Q

It reveals the identity of the elements and compounds in a sample

A

Qualitative analysis

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9
Q

Qualitative analysis reveals the ______ of the elements and compounds in a sample

A

identity

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10
Q

It indicates the amount of each substance in a sample

A

Quantitative analysis

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11
Q

Quantitative analysis indicates the _____ of each substance in a sample

A

amount

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12
Q

It is based on obsevations (involves the senses)

A

Qualitative Data

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13
Q

It is based on numbers (measurement or counting)

A

Quantitative Data

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14
Q

Qualitative Data is based on

A

observation (involves the senses)

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15
Q

Quantitative Data is based on

A

numbers (measurement or counting)

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16
Q

It is a chemical substance that is the subject of a chemical analysis

A

Analyte

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17
Q

The results of a typical quantitative analysis are computed from two measurements:

A
  1. Mass or volume (gravimetric and volumetric methods)
  2. Measurement of some quantity that is proportional to the amount of analyte in the sample (electrochemical and spectrometric methods)
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18
Q

Quantitative analytical methods (classification)

A
  1. Gravimetric methods
  2. Volumetric methods
  3. Electroanalytical methods
  4. Spectroscopic methods
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19
Q

Gravimetric methods determine the _____ of the analyte or some compound chemically related to it

A

mass

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20
Q

Gravimetric methods is basen on what principle?

A

Based on the principle of precipitation or volatilization methods

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21
Q

Volumetric methods determine the ______ of a solution containing sufficient reagent to react completely with the analyte

A

volume

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22
Q

What measurement is involve in Volumetric methods?

A

Measurement of the volume of a solution of known concentration, referred to as the titrant

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23
Q

Electroanalytical methods involve the measurement of such ____ _____

A

electrical properties

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24
Q

Measurement of electrical properties

A
  • voltage
  • current
  • resistance
  • quantity of electrical charge
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25
Q

Spectroscopic methods are based on measurement of the interaction between ______ ______ and _____ ____ or molecules or on the ______ of such ______ by analytes.

A
  • electromagnetic radiation
  • analyte atoms
  • production of such radiation
26
Q

General steps in a quantitative analysis

A
  1. Selec method
  2. Acquire sample
  3. Process sample:
    (1) Is sample soluble? (If no, carry out chemical dissolution) and (If yes, proceed to step 5)
    (2) Measurable property? (If no, change chemical form) and (If yes, proceed to step 6)
  4. Eliminate interferences
  5. Measure proerty X (Calibration and Measurement)
  6. Calculate results
  7. Estimate reliability of results
27
Q

In picking a method, what is the first question to be considered?

A

The level of accuracy required

28
Q

Second consideration in picking a method

A

Related to economic factors is the number of samples to be analyzed

29
Q

It always influence the choice of method to some degree

A

Complexity of the sample and the number of components in the sample

30
Q

In acquiring a sample, ______ involves obtaining a ____ ____ of a material whose composition accurately ______ the ____ of the material being samples

A
  • Sampling
  • small mass
  • represents the bulk
31
Q

Sampling is frequently the most ______ step in an analysis and the _____ of ____ ____

A
  • difficult
  • source of greatest error
32
Q

A material is ______ if its constituent parts can be distinguished visually or with the aid of a microscope

A

heterogeneous

33
Q

How can you say if the material is heterogeneous in acquiring the sample?

A

If its constituent parts can be distinguished visually or with the aid of a miscroscope

34
Q

It is the process of determining how much of a given sample is the material indicated by its name

A

Assay

35
Q

Under _____ circumstances, no sample processing is required prior to the measurement step

A

certain

36
Q

Under _____ circumstances, we must process the sample in any of a variety of different ways

A

most

37
Q

First step in processing the sample

A

The preparation of a laboratory sample

38
Q

In preparing a laboratory sample, a solid sample is ____ to decrease particel size, _____ to ensure homogeneity, and stored for various lengths of time before analysis begins

A
  • ground
  • mixed
39
Q

It is good ideas to ____ _____ just before starting analysis because any ____ or ____ of water changes the chemical composition of _____

A
  • dry sample
  • loss or gain
  • solids
40
Q

What samples are subject to solvent evaporation?

A

Liquid

41
Q

Alternatively, the _____ ____ of the sample can be determined at the time of the analysis in a _____ _____ _____

A
  • moisture content
  • separate analytical procedure
42
Q

If the analyte is a ____ dissolved in a liquid, analyte must be kept inside a _____ _____ _____ to prevent ______ by ________ _____

A
  • gas
  • inside a second seales container
  • contamination
  • atmospheric gases
43
Q

What is required to preserve the integrity of the sample?

A

Extraordinary measures
- sample manipulation
- measurement in an inert atmosphere

44
Q

It is a portions of a material of approximately the same size that are carried through an analytical procedure at the same time and in the same way

A

Replicate samples or replicates

45
Q

Replication improves the ______ of the _____ and provides a ______ of their ______

A
  • quality of the results
  • provides a measure of their reliability
46
Q

________ measurements on replicates are usually _____, and various _____ ____ are performed on the results to _____ their _____

A
  • Quantitative
  • averaged
  • statistical tests
  • establish their reliability
47
Q

In preparing solutions: physical and chemical changes, _____ should dissolve the entire sample, including the _____, _____ and _____

A
  • solvent
  • analyte
  • rapidly and completely
48
Q

Samples that requires heating

A

Aqueous solutions of strong acids, strong bases, oxidizing agents, reducing agents, or some combination of such reagents

49
Q

It may be necessary to _____ the sample in ___ or _____ or perform a _________ _____ of the sample in the presence of various _____

A
  • ignite
  • air or oxygen
  • high-temperature fusion
  • fluxes
50
Q

It is a species other than analyte that affect the final measurement

A

Interferences, or interferents

51
Q

An interference is a species that _____ an ____ in an analysis by ______ or _______ (making smaller) the quantity being measured

A
  • causes an error
  • enhancing or attenuating
52
Q

Techniques or reactions that work for only one analyte are said to be ______

A

specific

53
Q

Tehniques or reactions that apply for only a few analytes are _____

A

selective

54
Q

It is called to all of the components in the sample containing an analyte

A

Matrix or Sample Matrix

55
Q

The measurement of the ______ is _____ _____ to the _____ (C sub A)

A
  • property X
  • directly proportional
  • concenration
56
Q

Formula for calibration and measurement

A

CA = kX
where k is a proportionality constant

57
Q

Basis of calculating the results

A

based on the raw experimental data collected in the measurement step, the characteristics of the measurement instruments, and the stoichiometry of the analytical reaction

58
Q

Analytical results are ______ without an ______ of their ______

A
  • incomplete
  • estimate of their reliability
59
Q

It is used to determine if the standard deviation (σ) of a set of data is small or large when compared to the mean (µ)

A

Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) or Coefficient of Variation (CV)

60
Q

The relative standard deviation can tell you how ______ the average of your results is

A

precise

61
Q

A ________ provides a number called ________ that is directly proportional to the _____ ______ , which is also proportional to the ______ of the ______ responsible for the _____

A
  • spectrophotometer
  • absorbance
  • color intensity
  • concentration of the species
  • color

CHM020 - ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR BIOLOGY (5 decks)

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