Chapter 8- Foreign relations

Question 1

divisions within foreign interventions

Answer 1

• USA provided largest forces at 11,000 at Vladivostok and 4500 in North Russia but pulled out of NR in 1919 and completely in 1920
  -France and Britain had different policy opinions and neither knew what anti-Bolsheviks to support.

Question 2

four main motives for foreign intervention

Answer 2

• keep Russia fighting in WW1 to delay transfer of troops to Western Front
• protect dump of armaments and war materials shipped from Russia
• support anti Bolshevik forces
• intervention continued because of divisions

Question 3

main areas of foreign intervention

Answer 3

• North Russia was British and french forces, british navy and Australian Canadian and Italian forces. Estonia had 11,000 forces for war of independence
• Far East- 11,000 US forces, 2000 chinese troops, british troops and japenese invading Siberia
• South Russia, Ukraine and Black sea had frnech and british navy which Turkish troops in the caucasus
• central siberia had some Czech forces

Question 4

british divisions over Russia

Answer 4

• Hands off movement contrasted desire to crush Bolshevism
• British got tactic of no interference but helping white armies

Question 5

problems for allied governments

Answer 5

• little accurate knowledge of what was happening because they relied on a handful of individuals whose reports were sometimes misleading
• sometimes Bolshevik sympathisers came and some were enemy spies

Question 6

Lenin’s peace offer

Answer 6

• March 1919 US diplomat Bullitt sent to discuss peace. Lenin was worried about impact of allied blockade so in return for ceasefire and end of blockade meant Lenin was willing to tolerate temporary governments in parts of Russia. Britain and France hostile to deal and Wilson did not back Bullitt so plan collapsed

Question 7

impact of interventions in Russia

Answer 7

• did not bring down the Bolshevik regime because they were such a small scale and lacked coordination with little military action
• Most troops stayed in base and only the Japanese fought serious offences
• Britain and France considered another intervention but in Nov 1920 Britain negotiated trade deal accepting the Soviet State de facto

Question 8

battle deaths in the civil war

Answer 8

• Russia- 500,000
• Britain 345
  US 275
  France 48
  Japan 1550

Question 9

When were the last foreign troops pulled out

Answer 9

May- from Black sea

Question 10

complicated relations with Poland

Answer 10

• allied powers committed to an independent Poland post-war
• issues of borders because Russia lost extensive territories and Russia not at any Paris peace conference
• Bolsheviks were fighting against separatism and new national states in the civil war

Question 11

reasons for Russo-Polish war

Answer 11

• rival ambitions of Poland and Bolsheviks
• Polish Head of State wanted to expand borders into Belarus and Ukraine, fighting a war against Ukrainian nationalists from 1918-1919
  -Lenin saw Poland as a geographical bridge to the West so they could export revolution

Question 12

Process of the war

Answer 12

• April 2020 Pilsudski (hos) made alliance with Ukrainian military leader Petliura and launched an Eastern offensive towards Kiev which was occupied in May 1920
• However, Bolsheviks had won many victories and Lenin was no longer going to compromise peace so Red army launched counter attack
• Forces retreated towards Warsaw and by August seemed to be defeated until miracle on the vistula
• peace formalised in Treaty of Riga March 1921

Question 13

What was the miracle on the Vistula?

Answer 13

counter offensive which saved Warsaw from being taken over by Soviet forces

Question 14

Effect of Treaty of Riga

Answer 14

• borders fixed did not last long
  1940 Poland carved between Russia and Nazi Germany in the 1939 Molotov Ribbentrop pact.
  1945 liberation of Poland incorporated parts of Eastern Poland into Soviet Union