Chapter 8: Energy and Metabolism Flashcards
Oxidation and Reduction Reactions
REVIEW DRAWN IMAGE
“OIL-RIG”: “Oxidation is loss” of electrons, “Reduction is gain” of electrons
Reduction is gain, because when atoms gain an electron, the charge is lowered since electrons carry negative charge!
First Law of Thermodynamics
- energy is conserved; cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred and transformed; Chemical reactions involving energy transformations at molecular level; should consider amount of energy static, just changes
Second Law of Thermodynamics
the total entropy always increases in a system that includes the surroundings as well as the products of the reaction
Chemical reactions results in products with:
Less ordered energy
Less usable energy
Energy has to be put back into this to go from the disordered to ordered state
Example: heat loss(normally not managed)
Entropy
Thought of as disorder, energy not available to do work
Enthalpy
the potential energy of the molecule(heat content) in chemical bonds
Includes potential energy in the bonds of the molecule, plus the effect of the molecule’s kinetic energy(movement) on the pressure and volume of its surroundings
When a reaction releases heat, it is exothermic(products have less potential energy than the reactants)
When heat is taken up, it is endothermic(generating products that have higher potential energy than the reactants)
Entropy and its relationship to heat loss
when the products of a chemical reaction become less ordered than the reactant molecules = Entropy increases
Every energy transfer increases the entropy of universe due to loss of usable energy (specific system has to be put into place to capture that loss energy efficiently)
Energy transfer has amount of energy lost in the form of unusable heat energy
Open System
energy can be accessed by consumers; Energy can be transferred between the system and its surroundings(matter and environment involved in energy transfers
In thermodynamics, open systems allow energy to enter and leave
Examples: earth, plants, animals
Potential energy
energy that is stored in position or configuration
Examples: chemical gradients, energy in chemical bonds
Potential energy
energy that is stored in position or configuration; stored in chemical bonds
Examples: chemical gradients, energy in chemical bonds
Kinetic Energy
energy of motion
Compare Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy
kinetic energy represents energy currently being used while potential energy represents store energy that is not is use, but will be used later
Kinetic energy is objects in motion while potential energy is stationary and has not moved yet
A car driving vs a car stopped at the top of a hill; Clothes stack falling over vs clothing sitting in a dresser; An arrow flying vs a bow pulled back before firing the arrow
when stored energy in chemical bonds are broken, it can be accessed to be used in kinetic energy
Endergonic reactions
a nonspontaneous reaction that requires energy input to occur
Photosynthesis, protein synthesis
Active transport
Energy is supplied from reactant to get product
Exergonic reaction
spontaneous reaction(does not need outside energy to cause reaction)
Example: Facilitated diffusion, Passive transport, cellular respiration, combustion
Energy is released from reactant to get product
Compare Endergonic vs Exergonic Reactions
endergonic reactions require input of energy, energy being supplied for product; while exergonic reactions release energy to get product, does not need outside energy
both describe movement of energy
note that a reaction is endergonic in one direction and exergonic in the other
Gibbs Free Energy
determines whether a reaction is spontaneous or requires added energy to proceed
Based on enthalpy and entropy:
When the change in free energy is negative, it can proceed without energy input, spontaneous(EXERGONIC REACTION! Reaction releases heat/increases entropy)
When the change in free energy is positive, it needs an input of energy to occur(ENDERGONIC REACTION! Absorbing heat/decreases entropy)
STUDY AND DRAW CHARTS TO REMEMBER THIS
Activation Energy
STUDY/DRAW IMAGE TO HELP
hill you must get over for activation energy to proceed; has reactants state, transition state, and Products state
Transition State: Breaks apart chemical bonds to reorganize them into a product; To proceed a chemical bond has to break and others have to form(Must collide at specific orientation and with certain amount of force to pass through transition stage; note this does not always occur for every reaction out there)
Higher concentration & higher temp = higher reaction rate/ number of collisions
Structure of ATP
- DRAWN IMAGE TO HELP
- should include phosphate groups, ribose, and Adenine
- stores energy in high phosphate bonds; Phosphate groups have negative charges from oxygen, creating a high potential energy that is stored; ATP will break off a phosphate group to release the energy stored from 2 of the phosphate groups; energy made available to cells to perform functions
What do we do when the “hill” becomes too high but we must get over that hill in activation energy process?
Use enzymes! They are catalysts will lower activation energy; they are like shortcuts
having a binding site/active site pocket for reactants to fit into, and the reactants/substrates
Enzymes catalyze RX to occur faster: Bring molecules into closer proximity for it to be more likely a reaction will proceed
Example of an Enzyme
glucokinase, which promotes a transfer between glucose and phosphate by lowering activation energy
Cofactors
organic molecules, like NAD+ and FAD, to make reactions proceed in activation energy
Example: CoA
Competitive Inhibition
Has regulatory molecule that binds to an active enzyme site to prevent enzyme from doing its job; will not break when attached to enzyme
Regulatory molecules are in a competition with substrates that want to bind to perform a chemical reaction; interferes with substrate binding
Reactions proceeding vary from being outcompeted(substrates can outcompete regulatory molecules to bind and produce chemical reaction; regulatory molecules can outcompete substrates to prevent a chemical reaction)
Feedback inhibition
DRAWN IMAGE TO HELP!
DRAWN IMAGE TO HELP!
Enzymes activity inhibited by enzyme’s end product; Turning process on and off beneficia
involves use of reaction product to regulate its own further production
Enzymes activity inhibited by enzyme’s end product; Regulates how much enzyme end product is produced; Turning process on and off beneficial
A substrate attaching to its first enzyme/the first allosteric binding site, can become a molecule that attaches to a second enzyme, and create a second molecule
This process can be repeated until reaching a certain goal/end product that produces a regulatory molecule for the 1st allosteric binding site
Allosteric binding results in feedback inhibition, 1st enzyme cannot bind substrate until the end product regulatory molecule wears out/decreases/ needs more substrated to bind for organism to function
Catabolism
breaking down of macromolecules into their constituent monomers so we can release energy; an exergonic process
Example: food we eat will be broken down into their molecule and into monomers to synthesize our own monomers; create ATP in order to store for later(note some energy is lost)
Anabolism
synonymous with biosynthesis, building up aspect of macromolecules in metabolism
Examples seen in photosynthesis