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Abnormal Psychology (Exam 3) > Chapter 8 Disorders of Mood > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Disorders of Mood Flashcards

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1
Q

depression*

A

a low, sad state marked by significant levels of sadness, lack of energy, low self-worth, guilt, or related symptoms

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2
Q

mania*

A

a state/episode of euphoria or frenzied activity in which people may have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking

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3
Q

depressive disorders*

A

the group of disorders marked by unipolar depression

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4
Q

unipolar depression*

A

depression without a history of mania

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5
Q

bipolar depression*

A

a disorder marked by alternating or intermixed periods of mania and depression

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6
Q

mood problems

A

= depressive and bipolar disorders

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7
Q

Unipolar Depression: The Depressive Disorders

A
  • severe with long-lasting, physical pain

- may intensify as time continues

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8
Q

How Common is Unipolar Depression?

A
  • 8% adults
  • 5% adults = mild forms
  • 19% adults = have episode at some point in life
  • prevalence rates similar to many other countries
  • higher rates among poor
  • any age can suffer; most common is 40 years old
  • onset = 26 years old
  • women = 2x more likely
  • 26% women = episode in life
  • 12% men = episode in life
  • 85% people recover
  • 40% have 1 more episode in life after recovery
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9
Q

What are the Symptoms of Depression?

A
  • can be severe or not

- sobbing, indecisiveness, feelings of despair, anger, and worthlessness

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10
Q

Emotional Symptoms

A
  • sad and dejected
  • miserable, empty, humiliated
  • no sense of humor
  • no pleasure (anhedonia)
  • anger, anxiety, agitation
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11
Q

Motivational Symptoms

A
  • loss of desire to pursue anything
  • suicide = escape
  • 6-15% commit suicide
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12
Q

Behavioral Symptoms

A
  • less active and productive
  • alone
  • bed-ridden
  • move and speak slowly
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13
Q

Cognitive Symptoms

A
  • negative self-views
  • self-blame
  • do not credit themselves for achievements
  • vulnerable to suicidal thinking
  • confused
  • poor intellectual skills
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14
Q

Physical Symptoms

A
  • headaches, indigestion, constipation, dizzy spells, severe pain
  • symptoms are usually misdiagnosed as physical illness
  • eat and sleep less = fatigued
  • some will excessively overeat and oversleep
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15
Q

Diagnosing Unipolar Depression

A

-major depressive episode = period of 2 weeks or more marked by at least 5 symptoms of depression; may include psychotic symptoms in extreme cases

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16
Q

major depressive disorder*

A

a severe pattern of depression that is disabling and is not caused by such factors as drugs or a general medical condition

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17
Q

dysthymic disorder*

A

a mood disorder that is similar to but longer-lasting and less disabling than major depressive disorder

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18
Q

premenstrual dysphoric disorder*

A

a disorder marked by repeated experiences of significant depression and related symptoms during the week before menstruation

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19
Q

What Causes Unipolar Depression?

A
  • stressful events
  • exogenous (reactive) depression= clear cut stressful events
  • endogenous depression = response to internal factors
20
Q

Genetic Factors

A
  • family pedigree: select people with unipolar depression as probands (focus of genetic study)
  • 20% relatives depressed fewer than 10% of population
  • molecular: tied to chromosomes (abnormality with 5-HTT gene [responsible for serotonin production])
21
Q

norepinephrine*

A

a neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression and panic disorder

22
Q

serotonin*

A

a neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and eating disorders

23
Q

Biochemical Factors

A
  • many neurotransmitter interactions = unipolar disorder
  • serotonin = neuromodulator (increase/decrease key neurotransmitter activity)
  • endocrine system -> adrenal glands -> too much cortisol
  • melatonin (released in the dark)
  • deficiencies of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
24
Q

Brain Anatomy and Brain Circuits

A
  • unipolar brain circuit:
  • -prefrontal cortex (frontal cortex -> mood, attention, immune function)
  • -hippocampus (neurogenesis, messages between it and prefrontal cortex)
  • -amygdala (negative memories and emotions -> elevated blood flow when depressed)
  • -Brodmann Area 25 (under cingulate cortex -> 5-HTT)
25
Q

Immune System

A
  • dysregulation (lower functioning of white blood cells/lymphocytes)
  • -depression
    1. stress = depression
    2. depressed people = lower lymphocyte activity and high CRP production
    3. more migraines, irritable bowel syndrome, rheutmatoid arthritus, etc.
26
Q

Psychodynamic View

A
  • death (loss of loved one) = depression
  • -oral stage (merge identities with lost loved one) -> introjection (typically temporary)
  • –if introjection is not temporary = depression
27
Q

symbolic/imagined loss*

A

loss of a valued object, that is unconsciously interpreted as the loss of a loved one

28
Q

anaclitic depression*

A

a pattern of depressed behavior found among very young children that is caused by separation from one’s mother

29
Q

Behavioral View

A
  • rewards and punishments = unipolar depression
  • -rewards dwindle so do constructive behaviors
  • -rewards/no rewards = no depression/depression
  • social rewards = no depression
30
Q

Cognitive View

A
  • theories of negative thinking and learned helplessness
  • negative thinking:
  • -maladaptive attitudes (general worth = tasks performed, failures = depression)
  • -cognitive triad (experiences, themselves, futures and negative thinking = depression)
  • -errors in thinking (negative conclusions based on little evidence = depression)
  • -automatic thoughts (steady train of unpleasant thoughts = unipolar depression)
31
Q

cognitive triad*

A

3 forms of negative thinking b Aaron Beck = depression; triad = experiences, themselves, their future

32
Q

automatic thoughts*

A

numerous unpleasant thoughts = depression, anxiety, other forms of psychological dysfunction

33
Q

learned helplessness*

A

perception, based on past experiences, that one has no control over one’s reinforcements, that they are responsible for helplessness

34
Q

Sociocultural Views

A
  • family-social perspective: role played by interpersonal factors in development of depression
  • multicultural perspective: ties depression to factors such as gender, race, economic status
35
Q

Family-Social Perspective

A
  • depressed persons:
  • -display weak social skills
  • –cause people to avoid them = decrease in social rewards
  • -unavailablility of social support
  • separated/divorced = 3x more likely
  • high correlation between level of marital conflict and degree of sadness:
  • -.37 men
  • -.42 women
  • -.66 clinically depressed
  • unsatisfying relationship = 3x more likely
  • isolation/without intimacy = depression
36
Q

Multicultural Perspective

A

(1) links between gender and depression

(2) ties between cultural and ethnic background and depression

37
Q

Gender and Depression

A
  • women = 2x more likely, younger, more frequent, longer-lasting
  • artifact theory: women and men both equally likely but clinicians fail to diagnose men (men hide it better so women are “more likely”)
  • hormone explanation: hormone changes = depressed women
  • life stress theory: women experience more stress
  • body dissatisfaction explanation: women taught to seek low body weight and slender body shape
  • lack of control theory: learned helplessness, feel less in control than men
  • rumination theory: focus on one’s feelings when depressed and consider repeatedly the causes and consequences of the depression
38
Q

Cultural Background and Depression

A
  • hispanic and african americans = 50% more likely than whites
  • 54% whites = treatment
  • 34% hispanics = treatment
  • 40% africans = treatment
39
Q

Bipolar Disorders

A
  • lows (depression) and highs (mania)
  • mania = dramatic and inappropriate risings in mood
  • -move quick, talk loud and rapidly
  • -poor judgement
40
Q

Diagnosing Bipolar Disorders

A
  • full manic episode = 1 week of symptoms (high/irritable mood, increased activity)
  • DSM-V = 2 kinds of bipolar
  • 1-2.6% adults = bipolar
  • 4% adults = 1 bipolar disorder in life
  • bipolar I = more common
  • bipolar I and II equally likely in men and women
  • onset = 15-44 years old
  • eventually goes away then recurs later
41
Q

bipolar I disorder*

A

a type of bipolar disorder marked by full manic and major depressive episodes

42
Q

bipolar II disorder*

A

a type of bipolar disorder marked by mildly manic (hypomanic) and major depressive episodes; 4 or more episodes in a year = rapid cycling

43
Q

What Causes Bipolar Disorders?

A
  • biological:
  • -neurotransmitter activity
  • -ion activity
  • -brain structure
  • -genetic factors
44
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  • mania linked to low serotonin (just like depression)

- study: manic patients given reserpine (blood pressure drug) to lower norepinephrine activity

45
Q

Ion Activity

A
  • messages between neurons
  • relays messages within neurons
  • Na+ (ends of neuron membrane) –> at rest
  • receiving = Na+ taken in by pores opening
  • electrical activity travels down neuron
  • -neuron fires
  • after firing, K+ flows from inside neuron to outside
  • returns to resting state
46
Q

Brain Structure

A
  • basal ganglia and cerebellum = smaller
  • lower volumes of gray matter in brain
  • dorsal raphe nucleus, striatum, amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex = abnormal
47
Q

Genetic Factors (Bipolar I & II)

A
  • inherit biological predispositions
  • identical twins = 40% chance developing same disorder
  • fraternal twins and close relatives = 5-10% chance developing same disorder
  • general linkage:
  • -larger families
  • –observe pattern of disorder distribution
  • -genetically transmitted family trait (genetic marker)
  • -linked to X chromosome

Abnormal Psychology (Exam 3) (2 decks)

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