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Pathophysiology Exam 3 > Chapter 8 - Disorders of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Disorders of Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Water is lost through what organs?

A
  • Kidneys
  • GI
  • Skin
  • Lungs (breathing)
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2
Q

Water intake from food and liquid is absorbed in the ________?

A

GI tract

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3
Q

_______ increases with fever?

A

Metabolic rate

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4
Q

Osmotic/Osmolarity refers to what?

A

Water!

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5
Q

Compulsive Water drinking is called what?

A

Psychogenic Polydipsia

Drink large amounts of water and excrete large amounts of urine

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6
Q

Inadequate amounts of antidiuretic hormone in the body or failure of the kidneys to respond to the antidiuretic hormone is called what?

A

Diabetes insipidous (DI)

All the body is doing is constantly getting rid of urine and they are retaining nothing, leading to dehydration

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7
Q

What is the MOST IMPORTANT thing to do in someone with Diabetes Insipidus?

A

Weigh patient daily!!

NOT subjective data

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8
Q

What is SIADH?

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone

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9
Q

Signs and Symptoms of SIADH?

A
  • Water retention (w/o edema)
  • Decreased urine output
  • Decreased serum osmolarity
  • Hyponatremia
  • Increased urine osmolarity
  • Increased urine specific gravity >1.030
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10
Q

Which electrolyte abnormality will you be sure to monitor in someone with SIADH?

A

Hyponatremia

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11
Q

Fluid Deficit - Hypovolemia signs and symptoms?

A
  • Thirst
  • Decreased skin turgor
  • Dry mucous membranes
  • Sunken eyeballs
  • Depressed fontanel
  • Hypotension
  • Weak, rapid pulse

(EARLY: tachycardia, tachypenia)
(LATE: low BP)

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12
Q

Fluid Volume Excess - Hypervolemia signs & symptoms?

A
  • Edema
  • Full, bounding pulse
  • Hypertension
  • Jugular Venous Distention (JVD)
  • Pulmonary edema (severe)
  • Decreased Hematocrit
  • Decreased BUN
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13
Q

________ controls excitability of nerve and muscle cells?

A

potassium

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14
Q

Hyponatremia?

A

Low sodium

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15
Q

_______ regulates the ECF volume?

A

Sodium

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16
Q

Fluid is primarily lost how?

A
  • Urine
  • GI
  • Sweat glands
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17
Q

_________ controls contractility of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

A

Potassium

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18
Q

Hyponatremia is considered sodium levels less than what?

A

<135mEg/L

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19
Q

90-95% of Sodium is located in the ____?

A

ECF

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20
Q

What is the most common type of Hyponatremia?

A

Hypotonic (dilutional) hyponatremia

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21
Q

Hypotonic hyponatremia is caused by what?

A

Water retention (this dilutes the sodium level)

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22
Q

What type of Hyponatremia causes both water and sodium to be lost; but water exceeds the associated sodium lost?

A

Hypovolemic hypotonic hyponatremia

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23
Q

Causes of Hypovolemic hypotonic hyponatremia?

A
  • Excessive sweating

- Heavy exercise

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24
Q

What are two different types of Hyponatremia?

A
  • Hypervolemic hypotonic hyponatremia

- Hypertonic hyponatremia

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25
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Hyponatremia?

A 
EARLY signs
- edema
- muscle cramps
- weakness
- fatigue
LATE signs (ALL Neurological)
- apathy
- lethargy
- headache
- disorientation
- gross motor dysfunction
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26
Q

Hypernatremia is considered a sodium level of what?

A

Sodium level >145mEq/L

27
Q

Hypernatremia can also be considered __________?

A

Dehydration

28
Q

What is Hypernatremia?

A

To much sodium, NOT enough water

29
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Hypernatremia?

A 
EARLY
- thirst
- decrease urine output and urine osmolarity
- tachycardia
LATE
- hypotension
- decreased reflexes
- agitation
- headache
- restlessness
30
Q

_________ is found abundantly in the body?

A

Chloride

31
Q

Chloride is found where in the body?

A

extracellular fluid

32
Q

Chloride helps to maintain what?

A
  • water balance

- acid-base balance

33
Q

Normal Potassium levels?

A

3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L

34
Q

Potassium is normally derived from where?

A

dietary sources

35
Q

Plasma potassium is regulated through what two mechanisms?

A
  • Renal mechanisms that conserve or eliminate potassium

- A transcellular shift between the ICF and ECF compartments

36
Q

Hypokalemia typically results from what?`

A 
Inadequate intake 
(diet deficient in K+)
37
Q

Hypokalemia is a potassium level of what?

A

<3.5 mEq/L

38
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Hypokalemia?

A
  • postural hypotension (most common)
  • weak, thready, irregular pulse
  • polyuria
  • nausea/vomiting
  • abdominal distention
  • weakness
  • muscle cramps
  • thirst
  • paresthesias
  • confusion
  • depression
  • metabolic alkalosis
  • ECG changes
39
Q

What are types of ECG changes seen in Hypokalemia?

A
  • Depressed ST segment
  • Low T wave
  • Prominent U wave
  • Ventricular tachycardia
  • Ventricular fibrillation
  • Cardiac arrest
40
Q

IV potassium causes patient to feel what when if is infused?

A

BURNING!

* Usually give lidocaine or fluids with it

41
Q

Hyperkalemia is defined as what?

(Lab value)

A

Potassium >5.0 mEq/L

42
Q

Most common cause of Hyperkalemia?

A

Decreased renal elimination

43
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Hyperkalemia?

A
  • Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea (N/V/D)
  • Abdominal cramps
  • Weakness
  • Dizziness
  • Muscle Cramps
  • Neuromuscular excitability
    (with K+ > 6.0 mEq/L)
    ECG changes
44
Q

ECG changes seen with Hyperkalemia?

A
  • peaked and narrow T waves
  • wide QRS segment
  • ventricular tachycardia
  • ventricular fibrillation
  • cardiac arrest
45
Q

In regards to Hyperkalemia; What decreases the excitability of the heart?

A
  • Calcium chloride or gluconate
46
Q

what are the major cations (+) in the body?

A
  • calcium
  • phosphorus
  • magnesium
47
Q

What is Hypocalcemia?

A

Low calcium levels

48
Q

Hypocalcemia is calcium levels of ______?

A

< 8.5 mEq/L

49
Q

Causes of Hypocalcemia?

A
  • Liver and Kidney disease
  • Malabsorption
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Renal failure
  • Hypoparathyroidism
  • Acute pancreatitis
50
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Hypocalcemia?

A
  • ALL NEUROMUSCULAR*
  • paresthesias
  • muscle cramps
  • abdominal cramps/spasms
  • hyperactive reflexes
  • tetany
  • hypotension
  • cardiac insufficiency
  • EKG changes
  • bone pain
  • Chvostek sign (facial spasms)
  • Trousseau sign (BP cuff and spasm)
51
Q

Lab values that indicate Hypercalcemia?

A

Calcium levels >10.5 mg/dL

52
Q

Signs and symptoms of Hypercalcemia?

A
  • polyuria
  • thirst
  • muscle weakness
  • Ataxia
  • lethargy
  • hypertension
  • nausea/vomiting
  • EKG changes
53
Q

Phosphorus and Calcium do what ?

A

Go in opposite directions!

Ex: Increase Ca+/ decrease K+

54
Q

Causes of Hypophosphatemia?

A
  • Antacids
  • Severe diarrhea
  • lack of vitamin D
  • Diabetic ketoacidosis
  • Alcoholism
  • Hyperparathyroidism
55
Q

Hypophosphatemia Manifestations?

A
  • tremor
  • ataxia
  • paresthesias
  • confusion
  • muscle weakness
  • bone pain
  • platelet dysfunction
  • impaired white count
56
Q

what lab values indicate Hyperphosphatemia?

A

Serum phosphorus levels > 4.5 mg/dL

57
Q

Hyperphosphatemia Manifestations?

A
  • paresthesia
  • tetany
  • hypotension
  • cardiac arrhythmias
58
Q

__________ is essential for cellular energy metabolism?

A

Magnesium

59
Q

What is the range for normal Magnesium levels

A

1.6 mg/dL to 2.4 mg/dL

60
Q

Magnesium is absorbed from the ________?

A

intestines

61
Q

Hypomagnesemia is indicated by what?

(Lab value wise)

A

Magnesium level <1.6 mg/dL

62
Q

Hypomagnesemia Manifestations?

A
  • Personality changes
  • Choreiform movements
  • nystagmus
  • tetany
  • positive Babinski
  • Chvostek
  • Trousseau signs
  • Tachycardia
  • Hypertension
  • Ventricular disrhythmias
63
Q

Lab value that indicates Hypermagnesemia?

A

Serum magnesium levels > 2.4 mg/dL

64
Q

Hypermagnesemia Manifestations?

A
  • Lethargy
  • Hyporeflexia
  • Confusion
  • Hypotension
  • Cardiac Dysrhythmias
  • Cardiac arrest

Pathophysiology Exam 3 (1 decks)

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