Chapter 8 Chemical Processing Chemical Process Development

Question 1

The theory of film development refers to the principle in photography that explains how the latent image in the
exposed film is converted into a negative image (visible image).

Answer 1

Film development

Question 2

Stages of Film Development are?

Answer 2

Preda velopment water rinse (optional)
Developing (actual) 60 seconds
Stop bad rinse bath 10 seconds
Fixing bath or fixing 30 seconds
Washing
Drying

Question 3

This is done by simply looking the film in water for 2 to 3 minutes while agitating the water container for every 20 seconds

Answer 3

Development water rinse

Question 4

Covering the exposed image on the film into actual image

Answer 4

Developing actual 60 seconds

Question 5

The chemical contents are?

Answer 5

a. Reducer – metol – hydroquinone
b. Accelerator- borax, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide
c. Restrainer – potassium bromide
d. Preservative – sodium sulphite, sodium bisulphate

Question 6

The removal of the traces of the developer as well as it helps in the removal of excess or undeveloped silver
halides.

Answer 6

Stop Bath – Rinse Bath (10 seconds0

Question 7

Even after developing, the image is still invisible because the silver halides are still present in the emulsion.

Answer 7

Fixing Bath or Fixing (30 seconds)

Question 8

Fixing Bath or Fixing (30 seconds)
Ingredients are:

Answer 8

a. Fixer – hypo (sodium thiosulfate)
b. Neutralizer – acid (acetic acid)
c. Preservative – sodium sulfite
d. Hardener – potassium alum

Question 9

The three forms of rinse bath are:

Answer 9

a. Water Rinse Bath
b. Acid Rinse Bath
c. Hardening Rinse Bath

Question 10

This is the final part of the processing cycle, which removes the residual chemicals and soluble silver
compounds from the emulsion and reveals the image.
60 seconds only

Answer 10

Washing

Question 11

Developing Chemicals are?

Answer 11

Reducing Agent
Accelerator
Preservative
Restrainer

Question 12

The commonly used preservative is Sodium Sulfite. It prevents stain and makes the developing solution more stable and long lasting.

Answer 12

Preservative

Question 13

This chemical restrains the action of the exposed areas of the film and permits control of density and contrast.

Answer 13

Restrainer

Question 14

The most important chemical in any developing agent

Answer 14

Reducing Agent

Question 15

The purposes of accelerators are to energize the reducing agents and they soften and swell the emulsion to
permit the developer to penetrate deeply and quickly

Answer 15

Accelerators

Question 16

Fixing Chemicals

Answer 16

Sodium Thiosulfate
Acetic Acid (28%)
Sodium Sulfate
Potassium alum
Boric acid

Question 17

This refers to fixing chemical commonly called “hypo”, it is one which dissolves the unexposed silver
halides.

Answer 17

Sodium Thiosulfate

Question 18

This refers to fixing chemicals that is used to neutralize the developer.

Answer 18

Acetic Acid (28%

Question 19

This refers to fixing chemical that is added to acetic acid to neutralize the developer but causes the hypo to break down, liberating sulfur

Answer 19

Sodium Sulfate

Question 20

This refers to fixing chemicals that is added to the fixing bath because it has the ability to toughen or harden
the emulsion.

Answer 20

Potassium Alum

Question 21

This refers to the fixing chemical that is added to slow the action and prolong the usefulness of the bath

Answer 21

Boric acid

Question 22

Developer formulation are?

Typical component

Answer 22

Solvent
developing agent
preservative
acceleration or activator
restrainer

Question 23

Developer formulation

Fixing but formula are?

Answer 23

Water
dissolving agent
Preservative
Neutralizers
Hardener

Question 24

Kinds of printing are?

Answer 24

Contact printing
Projection printing

Question 25

This refers to the evolution side of the negative that is exposed in contact with the emulsion of sensitized paper producing a print image of the same size as that of the negative

Answer 25

Contact printing

Question 26

This refers to the image in the negative that may be enlarged or reduced

Answer 26

Projection printing

Question 27

Equipment for paper developing are?

Answer 27

1. Three plastic trays – one each for the developer, stop-bath, and the fixer. (The size of the tray is determined by
   the largest prints size).
2. Metal, plastic, or bamboo tong preferably with rubber ends to hold the prints.
3. Rubber (surgical) hand gloves.
4. Timers
5. Paper cutter
6. A bigger tray or tank for washing prints