Chapter 8--Cancer Flashcards
What is a neoplasm?
Also called a tumour; a mass of tissue that serves no physiological purpose
Stages of tumour development are as follows: Hyperplasia
The cell divides too much than it should
Dysplasia
The cells take on a different shape
In situ cancer
This type of cancer is diagnised whe the cancer is found in the location it was first formed
LOcalized invasive tumour
Spread to nearby tissues but has not spread beyond the boundaries of organ of origin
Metastasis
The tumour spreads suchthat ir can shed malignant cells into a blood vessel or the lymphatic vessel, the cells can travel to distant sites and create new tumours
Secondary tumours are also known as_____
metastates
The cancer is typically small and hasn’t spread outside the origin. This is characteristic of what stage if cancer?
Stage 1
The cancer has spread to a distant site in the body through blood vessels and the lymphatic system. What stage of cancer?
Stage 4
The tumour has spread to nearby tissues outside the organ it started in. What stage of cancer?
Stage 2 and 3
Cancers arising from bone, cartilage and striated muscle are known as___________-
Sacromas
What percentage of females have breast cancer?
25%
What percentage of males have prostate cancer?
20.3%
What percentage of females have ovarian cancer?
2.7%
__________percent of cancers diagnised is lung cancers
13
The chief risk factor for lung cancer is –____________
Tobacco smoke
The third most common cancer among both men and women is ________________
colon and rectal cancer
Three risk factors for colon and rectal cancers include
- age
- lifestyle
- genetics
majority of colorectal cancers are diagnosed in people aged__________
50 and older
A screening test where a fibre-optic device is inserted through the rectum is known as ________________
sigmoidoscopy
About ___ in ____ women will develop breast cancer during her life time
1 in 8
A strong factor for breast cancer is ___________
Genetics
breast implants and abortions can increase the incidence of breast cancer. true or false
False
The five-year survival rate of breast cancer across all ages is______
87%
Mastectomy refers to_____________
the removal of the breast
SERM means_________________
selective estrogen receptor modulators
SERM acts like estrogen in some tissues of the body but _____________
blocks its effects in others
The third leading cause of cancer death among men in Canada is ______________
Prostate cancer
The strongest predictor of the risk of prostate cancer is _______
age
For prostate cancer, genetics is responsible for about _____to______ percent of cases
5 to 20
Early prostate cancer has which of the following symptoms:
1. headache
2. enlarged thyroid gland
3. mucous in the urine
4. none of the above
none of the above
What are two warning signs of prostate cancer?
Changes in urinary frequency and weak or interrupted urinary flow
PSA means___________
Prostate specific antigen
A low proportion of unbound (free) PSA is associated with a __________ risk of prostate cancer.
a. higher risk
b. lower risk
higher risk
PSA made by healthy prostate cells are normally bound in the blood. True or False.
False
_________of women with breast cancer report a history of GBV
42.3%
Almost all cases of cervical cancer stem from________
Infection bu the human papilloma virus (HPV)
Apart from the HPV, what other causes of cervical cancer are present?
-Smoking
- Genital herpes
- Bacterium that causes Chlamydia
Doses of the HPV vaccine are given ________ months apart
Six
Examination of cervical cells for cancer is known as
Pap test
The ABCDE of melanoma stands for…
A Asymmetry
B Border
C Colour
D Diameter
E Evolve
About _______ to ___________ percent of all cancers have a strong hereditary componenet.
5 to 10 %
What percentage of HPV and sexually active people have cervical cancer?
75%
UVA contains ______________ wavelengths
Longer
What range of percentages of cancers around the world are associated with microbes?
15% to 20%
Mel loves her grandmother’s attic because she used to play there as a child with her other cousins. Now that she’s grown up, the attic is unused. It’s poorly ventilated, dusty and most likely home to some rodents. She spends a lot of time there, now that she’s with her grandma again. Some weeks later she experiences a recurring cough and goes to the hospital to get it checked out. She has lung cancer. What chemical element is likely responsible for this?
a. Oxygen
b. hydrogen
c. radon
d. carbon
c. radon
