Chapter 8 Attitude Formation and Change Flashcards
What is the tri-component model of attitudes?
Is a model that proposes all attitudes have three components.
Affective
Behavioural
Cognitive
What is Classical conditioning?
A simple from of learning which occurs through repeated association of two different stimuli or events.
What is the affective component?
The affective component is the feelings someone has towards a object, person, group, event or issue.
What is the behavioural component?
It is the was we act upon a object, person, group, event or issue.
What is the cognitive component?
It is the belief we have about an object, person, group, event or issue.
What is an attitude
An attitude is an evaluation we make about an object, person, group, event, or issue
What are the factors that influence attitude formation?
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Modelling
What is operant conditioning?
Leaning that is based on repeating behaviour which has a desirable consequence or reward.
What is modelling?
Learning through observing another’s behaviour (the model).
What is a stereotype?
A collection of beliefs that we have about people who belong to certain group.
What is stigma?
A negative label associated with disapproval or rejection by others who are not labeled in that way
What is prejudice?
Holding a negative attitude towards a member of a group solely based on their membership in that group.
What is discrimination?
The negative behaviour directed towards a a social group and it’s members.
The act of prejudice.
What is direct discrimination?
Occurs when someone is treated unfairly and is disadvantaged because of personal characteristics.
What is Indirect discrimination?
Occurs when treating everybody the same way disadvantages someone because of a personal characteristic.
What factors contribute to the development of prejudice?
In groups and out groups
Intergroup conflict
Attributions
What are in and out groups?
An in group is to be apart of groups of people who share a common interest.
An out group is a either a group looked down upon, or being alone.
What is intergroup conflict?
Occurs when members of two groups compete to get something that their group wants
What is attributions
Trying to explain observed behaviour in terms of a particular cause.
What are factors that may reduce prejudice?
Sustained contact Mutual interdependence Superordinate goals Equality of status Cognitive intervention
What is sustained contact?
Close prolonged one on one contact that leads a person to re-evaluate their preconceived stereotype or prejudice.
What is mutual interdependence?
Some psychologists believe that contact, even over time is not enough rather two prejudice groups must be dependent on each other.
What is Superordinate goals
A goal that cannot be achieved by one group and overrides all other needs this does not occur often and is more a survival role.
What is Cognitive intervention
Changing the way someone thinks about prejudice.
What is equality of status
Contact between groups needs equal status as each other to reduce prejudice.
What are the three steps of cognitive intervention?
1- to realise that their attitude is wrong
2- put your self in their shoes
3- to suppress or reject these feelings/urges
What is a flaw in the tri-component model?
Often the behaviour is inconsistent with the affective and cognitive components.
E.g I think smoking is bad, but I still do it.
What is a Strength of an attitude?
A strong attitude is an attitude that is usually thought about, well known and easily assessable.
what is the Accessibility of an attitude?
An attitude and behaviour as being accessible to influence behaviour.
What is the Social context of an attitude?
The specific situation a person might be I depending and altering an attitude and/or behaviour.
What is Perceived control over behaviour?
A person is more likely to hold an attitude the feel they have control over.
What is cognitive dissonance?
Inconsistencies within our attitude that we are aware of.
What is repeated exposure?
Simply seeing and being exposed to a person, object, behaviour, event, or issue repeatedly. This normally results in the formation of a positive attitude.
What is a positive that can come out of stereotyping?
It can help you to know how to act around groups of people.
Source: Brundy Brundell
What is a negative of stereotyping?
It can lead you to think something about a person that is not true
