Chapter 8 and 9 Flashcards
1
Q
Confrontation
A
Confrontation An invitation for the client to become aware of discrepancies between verbal and nonverbal expressions, between feelings and actions, or between thoughts and feelings.
2
Q
Deflection
A
A way of avoiding contact and awareness by being vague and indirect.
3
Q
Awareness
A
The process of attending to and observing one’s own sensing, thinking, feelings, and actions; paying attention to the flowing nature of one’s present-centered experience.
4
Q
Phenomenological inquiry
A
Through a therapist asking “what” and “how” questions, clients are assisted in noticing what is occurring in the present moment
5
Q
Impasse
A
The stuck point in a situation in which individuals believe they are unable to support themselves and thus seek external support
6
Q
Introjection
A
The uncritical acceptance of others’ beliefs and standards without assimilating them into one’s own personality.
7
Q
Exercises
A
Ready-made techniques that are sometimes used to make something happen in a therapy session or to achieve a goal An experiment, on the other hand, flows
directly from psychotherapy theory and is crafted to fit the individual as he or she exists in the here and now”
8
Q
Figures
A
formation process describes how the individual organizes the environment from moment to moment and how the emerging focus of attention is on what is figural.
9
Q
Field Theory
A
Paying attention to and exploring what is occurring at the boundary between the person and the environment.
10
Q
Paradoxical theory of change
A
A theoretical position that authentic change occurs more from being who we are than from trying to be who we are not.
11
Q
Techniques
A
Exercises or interventions that are often used to bring about action or interaction, sometimes with a prescribed outcome in mind. “A technique is a performed experiment with specific learning goals….
12
Q
Unfinished business
A
Unexpressed feelings (such as resentment, guilt, anger, grief) dating back to childhood that now interfere with effective psychological functioning; needless emotional debris that clutters present-centered awareness.
13
Q
Dichotomy
A
A split by which a person experiences or sees opposing forces; a polarity (weak/strong, dependent/independent).
14
Q
Holism
A
Attending to a client’s thoughts, feelings, behaviors, body, and dreams.
15
Q
Systematic desensitization
A
A procedure based on the principles of classical conditioning in which the client is taught to relax while imagining a graded series of progressively anxiety arousing situations. Eventually, the client reaches a point at which the anxiety-producing stimulus no longer brings about the anxious response.
16
Q
Social learning approach
A
A perspective holding that behavior is best understood by taking into consideration the social conditions under which learning occurs; developed primarily by Albert Bandura.
17
Q
Positive Reinforcement
A
An event whose presentation increases the probability of a response that it follows.
18
Q
Self-directed behavior
A
A basic assumption is that people are capable of self-directed behavior change and the person is the agent of change.
19
Q
Operant conditioning
A
A type of learning in which behaviors are influenced mainly by the consequences that follow them.
20
Q
Multimodal therapy
A
A model endorsing technical eclecticism; uses procedures drawn from various sources without necessarily subscribing to the theories behind these techniques; developed by Arnold Lazarus.
21
Q
Evidenced based treatments
A
Therapeutic interventions that have empirical evidence to support their use.
22
Q
Behavior Modification
A
A therapeutic approach that deals with analyzing and modifying human behavior.
23
Q
Behavior Therapy
A
This approach refers to the application of diverse techniques and procedures, which are supported by empirical evidence
24
Q
CBT Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)
A
An approach that blends both cognitive and behavioral methods to bring about change. (The term CBT has largely replaced the term “behavior therapy,” due to the increasing emphasis on the interaction among affective, behavioral, and cognitive dimensions.)
25
DBT Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
DBT Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) A blend of behavioral and psychoanalytic techniques aimed at treating borderline personality disorders; primarily developed by Marsha Linehan.
26
ABC Model
This model of behavior posits that behavior (B) is influenced by some particular events that precede it, called antecedents (A), and by certain events that follow it called consequences (C).
27
Applied Behavior analysis
Another term for behavior modification; this approach seeks to understand the causes of behavior and address these causes by changing antecedents and consequences.
28
Negative Reinforcements
The termination or withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus as a result of performing some desired behavior
29
Behavioral Assessments
A set of procedures used to get information that will guide the development of a tailor-made treatment plan for each client and help measure the effectiveness of treatment.
30
A basic assumption of Gestalt therapy
individuals have the capacity to self-regulate when they are aware of what is happening in and around them.
31
Several basic principles underlying the theory of Gestalt therapy are briefly described in this section
holism, field theory, the figure-formation process, and organismic self-regulation.
32
One of the main contributions of the Gestalt approach is
its emphasis on learning to appreciate and fully experience the present moment.
33
To promote “now” awareness, the therapist encourages a dialogue in the present tense by asking questions like these:
: “What is happening now?” “What is going on now?” “What are you experiencing as you sit there and attempt to talk?” “What is your awareness at this moment?” “How are you experiencing your fear?” “How are you attempting to withdraw at this moment?” Phenomenological inquiry also involves suspending any preconceived ideas, assumptions, or interpretations concerning the meaning of a client’s experience.
34
One of the aims of Gestalt therapy is
help clients become aware of their present experience.
different. Gestalt therapy is based on the notion that individuals have a striving toward actualization and growth and that if they accept all aspects of themselves without judging these dimensions they can begin to think, feel, and act differently.
35
In Gestalt therapy, contact is necessary if change and growth are to occur. Contact is made by
seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, and moving. Effective contact means interacting with nature and with other people without losing one’s sense of individuality.
36
Gestalt therapists talk about the two functions of boundaries
to connect and to separate. Both contact and withdrawal are necessary and important to healthy functioning.
37
Gestalt therapists also focus on
interruptions, disturbances, and resistances to contact, which were developed as coping processes but often end up preventing us from experiencing the present in a full and real way.
38
Polster and Polster (1973) describe five different kinds of contact boundary disturbances:
introjection, projection, retroflection, deflection, and confluence.
39
Terms such as interruptions in contact or boundary disturbance refer to
characteristic styles people employ in their attempts to control their environment through one of these channels of resistance.
40
The six methodological components we consider vital or integral to Gestalt therapy are:
(a) the continuum of experience, (b) the here and now, (c) the paradoxical theory of change, (d) the experiment, (e) the authentic encounter, and (f) process-oriented diagnosis”
41
Gestalt therapists clearly attend to a basic goal
assisting the client to attain greater awareness, and with it, greater choice.
42
Miriam Polster (1987) described a three-stage integration sequence that characterizes client growth in therapy.
. The first part of this sequence consists of discovery. Clients are likely to reach a new realization about themselves or to acquire a novel view of an old situation, or they may take a new look at some significant person in their lives. Such discoveries often come as a surprise to them. The second stage of the integration sequence is accommodation, which involves clients’ recognizing that they have a choice. Clients begin by trying out new behaviors in the supportive environment of the therapy office, and then they expand their awareness of the world. Making new choices is often done awkwardly, but with therapeutic support clients can gain skill in coping with difficu
43
What is the top dog?
righteous, authoritarian, moralistic, demanding, bossy, and manipulative. This is the “critical parent” that badgers with “shoulds” and “oughts” and manipulates with threats of catastrophe.
44
What is the under dog?
underdog manipulates by playing the role of victim: by being defensive, apologetic, helpless, and weak and by feigning powerlessness. This is the passive side, the one without responsibility, and the one that finds excuses.
Corey, Gerald (2012-01-01). Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy (Page 228). Cengage Textbook. Kindle Edition.
45
Empty Chair Technique
is one way of getting the client to externalize the introject, a technique Perls used a great deal.
46
Gesalt therapy interventions
The internal dialogue, making rounds, the reversal exercise, the rehearsal exercise, exageration, staying with the feeling, dream work
47
Internal Dialogue exercise
The goal of this exercise is to promote a higher level of integration between the polarities and conflicts that exist in everyone.
48
Making rounds
is a Gestalt exercise that involves asking a person in a group to go up to others in the group and either speak to or do something with each person.
49
The reversal exercise
that clients take the plunge into the very thing that is fraught with anxiety and make contact with those parts of themselves that have been submerged and denied.
50
Rehearsal exercise
rehearsing silently to ourselves so that we will gain acceptance.
51
exaggeration
therapy is for clients to become more aware of the subtle signals and cues they are sending through body language.
52
Staying with the feeling
urge clients to stay with their feeling and encourage them to go deeper into the feeling or behavior they wish to avoid.
53
Dream work
bring dreams back to life and relive them as though they were happening now.
54
Short comings of Gesalt
Gestalt methods can lead to a high level of intense feelings.clear limitations with those clients who have been culturally conditioned to be emotionally reserved and to avoid openly expressing feelings.
55
T F 1. Resistance refers to defenses we develop that prevent us from experiencing the present in a full and real way.
True
56
T F 2. Blocked energy can be considered a
| form of resistance.
True
57
T F 3. The basic goal of Gestalt therapy is
| adjustment to society.
F
58
T F 4. Recent trends in Gestalt practice
include more emphasis on confrontation, more anonymity of the therapist, and increased reliance on
techniques.
F
59
T F 5. Dreams contain existential messages, and each piece of dream work leads to assimilation of disowned aspects of the self.
T
60
T F 6. Gestalt therapy is well suited for group counseling, especially when there is a here-and-now emphasis
within the group.
T
61
T F 7. One of the functions of the therapist is to pay attention to the client’s body language.
T
62
T F 8. Gestalt techniques are primarily aimed at teaching clients to think rationally.
F
63
T F 9. A major function of the therapist is to make interpretations of clients’ behavior so that they can begin to think of their patterns.
F
64
T F 10. The founder of Gestalt therapy contends that the most frequent source of unfinished business is resentment.
T
65
11. The main founder of Gestalt therapy is
a. Carl Rogers.
b. Fritz Perls.
c. Albert Ellis.
d. William Glasser.
e. none of the above.
B
66
12. Which is not true of Gestalt therapy?
a. The focus is on the “what” and
“how” of behavior.
b. The focus is on the here and now.
c. The focus is on integrating fragmented parts of the personality.
d. The focus is on unfinished business from the past.
e. The focus is on the “why” of
behavior.
E
67
```
13. Which of the following is not a key
concept of Gestalt therapy?
a. acceptance of personal responsibility
b. intellectual understanding of
one’s problems
c. awareness of the present moment
d. unfinished business
e. dealing with the impasse
`
```
B
68
```
14. According to the Gestalt view,
awareness
a. is by itself therapeutic.
b. is a necessary, but not sufficient,
condition for change.
c. without specific behavioral
change is useless.
d. consists of understanding the
causes of one’s problems.
```
A
69
```
15. The basic goal of Gestalt therapy is
to help clients
a. move from environmental
support to self-support.
b. recognize which ego state they
are functioning in.
c. uncover unconscious motivations.
d. work through the transference relationship with the
therapist.
e. challenge their philosophy
of life.
```
A
70
```
16. The impasse is the point in therapy
at which clients
a. do not have external support
available to them.
b. experience a sense of “being
stuck.”
c. are challenged to get into contact with their frustrations and
accept whatever is.
d. do all of the above.
```
D
71
17. Gestalt therapy can best be characterized as
a. an insight therapy.
b. an experiential therapy.
c. an action-oriented therapy.
d. an empirically validated
treatment.
B
72
```
18. Gestalt therapy encourages clients
to
a. experience feelings intensely.
b. stay in the here and now.
c. work through the impasse.
d. pay attention to their own nonverbal messages.
e. do all of the above.
```
E
73
19. The focus of Gestalt therapy is on
a. the relationship between client
and counselor.
b. free associating to the client’s
dreams.
c. recognizing one’s own projections and refusing to accept
helplessness.
d. understanding why we feel as
we do.
e. all of the above.
C
74
```
20. A contribution of the Gestalt
approach is that it
a. sheds light on transference.
b. is primarily a cognitive
perspective.
c. stresses talking about
problems.
d. deals with the past in a lively
manner.
```
D
75
```
21. The process of distraction, which
makes it difficult to maintain
sustained contact, is
a. introjection.
b. projection.
c. retroflection.
d. confluence.
e. deflection.
```
E
76
```
22. The process of turning back to ourselves what we would like to do to
someone else is
a. introjection.
b. projection.
c. retroflection.
d. confluence.
e. deflection.
```
C
77
```
23. The tendency to uncritically accept
others’ beliefs without assimilating
or internalizing them is
a. introjection.
b. projection.
c. retroflection.
d. confluence.
e. deflection.
```
A
78
```
24. The process of blurring awareness
of the boundary between self and
environment is
a. introjection.
b. projection.
c. retroflection.
d. confluence.
e. deflection.
```
D
79
```
25. What is a limitation (or limitations)
of Gestalt therapy as it is applied
to working with culturally diverse
populations?
a. Clients who have been culturally
conditioned to be emotionally
reserved may not see value in
experiential techniques.
b. Clients may be “put off” by the
emphasis on expressing feelings.
c. Clients may be looking for specific advice on solving practical
problems.
d. Clients may believe showing
one’s vulnerability is being weak.
e. All of the above are limitations.
```
E
80
Behavior therapy practitioners
focus on directly observable behavior, current determinants of behavior, learning experiences that promote change, tailoring treatment strategies to individual clients, and rigorous assessment and evaluation.
81
Behavior therapists now use a variety of evidence-based techniques in their practices, including........
cognitive therapy, social skills training, relaxation training, and mindfulness strategies
82
In the 1960s Albert Bandura developed what?
developed social learning theory, which combined classical and operant conditioning with observational learning. Bandura made cognition a legitimate focus for behavior therapy.
83
Two of the most significant developments in the field were (Behavior therapy)
(1) the continued emergence of cognitive behavior therapy as a major force and (2) the application of behavioral techniques to the prevention and treatment of health-related disorders.
84
the “third wave” of behavior therapy includes.....
dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), mindfulnessbased cognitive therapy (MBCT), and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT).
85
Contemporary behavior therapy can be understood by considering four major areas of development:
(1) classical conditioning, (2) operant conditioning, (3) socialcognitive theory, and (4) cognitive behavior therapy.
86
Classical conditioning
(respondent conditioning) refers to what happens prior to learning that creates a response through pairing.
87
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning involves a type of learning in which behaviors are influenced mainly by the consequences that follow them. (operant behavior - reading writing)
88
social learning approach (or the socialcognitive approach)
involves a triadic reciprocal interaction among the environment, personal factors (beliefs, preferences, expectations, self-perceptions, and interpretations), and individual behavior.
89
Social cognitive theory
involves a triadic reciprocal interaction among the environment, personal factors (beliefs, preferences, expectations, self-perceptions, and interpretations), and individual behavior.
90
Self-efficacy
is the individual’s belief or expectation that he or she can master a situation and bring about desired change.
91
Modern behavior therapy is grounded on......
scientific view of human behavior that accommodates a systematic and structured approach to counseling.
92
A unique characteristic of behavior therapy is
strict reliance on the principles of the scientific method.
93
Research is considered.......(behavior therapy)
be a basic aspect of the approach, and therapeutic techniques are continually refined.
94
Contemporary behavior therapy places emphasis on
the interplay between the individual and the environment.
95
What Techniques are used in behavior therapy?
role playing, relaxation procedures, behavioral rehearsal, coaching, guided practice, modeling, feedback, learning by successive approximations, mindfulness skills, and homework assignments
96
An advantage behavior therapists have,,,,,,
have is the wide variety of specific behavioral techniques at their disposal.
97
The basic therapeutic conditions stressed by person-centered therapist........
thactive listening, accurate empathy, positive regard, genuineness, respect, and immediacy
98
Evidence-based therapies (EBT) are......
hallmark of both behavior therapy and cognitive behavior therapy.
99
A strength of the behavioral approaches
emphasis on ethical accountability.
100
four common criticisms and misconceptions people often have about behavior therapy,
Behavior therapy may change behaviors, but it does not change feelings.
Behavior therapy does not provide insight.
Behavior therapy treats symptoms rather than causes.
Behavior therapy involves control and social influence by the therapist.
101
functional assessment
current environmental events that maintain problem behaviors and help clients produce behavior change by changing environmental events
102
The general goals of behavior therapy are
increase personal choice and to create new conditions for learning.
103
Reality Therapy Basic Beliefs
Emphasis is on responsibility
Therapist’s function is to keep therapy focused on the present
We often mistakenly choose misery in our best attempt to meet our needs
We act responsibly when we meet our needs without keeping others from meeting their needs
104
Reality therapy basic needs
All internally motivated behavior is geared toward meeting one or more of our basic human needs
Belonging
Power
Freedom
Fun
Survival (Physiological needs)
Our brain functions as a control system to get us what we want
105
Procedures That Lead to Change:
| The “WDEP” System
```
W Wants:
What do you want to be and do?
Your “picture album”
D Doing and Direction:
What are you doing?
Where do you want to go?
E Evaluation:
Does your present behavior have a reasonable chance
of getting you what you want?
P Planning – “SAMIC
```
106
Planning For Change (behavior therapy)
S Simple: Easy to understand, specific and concrete
A Attainable: Within the capacities and motivation of the client
M Measurable: Are the changes observable and helpful?
I Immediate & Involved: What can be done today? What can you do?
C Controlled: Can you do this by yourself or will you be dependent on
others?
107
Total Behavior
| Our Best Attempt to Satisfy Our Needs (behavior therapy)
DOING ~ active behaviors
THINKING ~ thoughts, self-statements
FEELINGS ~ anger, joy, pain, anxiety
PHYSIOLOGY ~ bodily reactions
108
Exposure Therapies in behavior therapy
In Vivo Desensitization
Brief and graduated exposure to an actual fear situation or event
Flooding
Prolonged & intensive in vivo or imaginal exposure to highly anxiety-evoking
stimuli without the opportunity to avoid them
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
An exposure-based therapy that involves imaginal flooding, cognitive
restructuring, and the use of rhythmic eye movements and other bilateral
stimulation to treat traumatic stress disorders and fearful memories of clients
109
Therapeutic Techniques
Relaxation Training ~ to cope with stress
Systematic Desensitization ~ for anxiety and avoidance reactions
Modeling ~ observational learning
Assertion Training ~ social-skills training
Self-Management Programs ~ “giving psychology away”
Multimodal Therapy ~ a technical eclecticism
110
few key principles of operant conditioning:
positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, extinction, positive punishment, and negative punishment.
111
In vivo exposure on.
In vivo exposure involves client exposure to the actual anxiety-evoking events rather than simply imagining these situations.
112
In vivo flooding
In vivo flooding consists of intense and prolonged exposure to the actual anxietyproducing stimuli.
113
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) Textbook. Kindle Edition.
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) is a form of exposure therapy that entails assessment and preparation, imaginal flooding, and cognitive restructuring in the treatment of individuals with traumatic memories. The treatment involves the use of rapid, rhythmic eye movements and other bilateral stimulation to treat clients who have experienced traumatic stress.
Textbook. Kindle Edition.
114
Three basic phases of Eye movement desensitization
involving assessment and preparation, imaginal flooding, and cognitive restructuring.
115
Social skills training
Social skills training is a broad category that deals with an individual’s ability to interact effectively with others in various social situations; it is used to help clients develop and achieve skills in interpersonal competence.
116
social skills training involves various behavioral techniques such as
psychoeducation, modeling, behavior rehearsal, and feedback
117
Limitations with behavior therapy
this approach is that
it does not address broader human problems—such as meaning, the search for values,
and identity issues—but focuses instead on very specific and narrow behavioral problems.
