chapter 8 and 9 Flashcards
what is metabolism?
all the reactions that build up and break down organic molecules. Reactions require or release energy
what is catabolism?
breakdown of molecules into smaller units producing ATP
what is anabolism?
building of molecules from smaller units, requiring ATP
what is kinetic energy?
energy of motion, including light and heat (moving)
what is potential energy?
stored energy. it depends on the structure of the object or its position within its surroundings. This energy is released when the object changes structure or position.
what are the 3 components of ATP?
adenine, ribose, phosphate groups
where is the chemical energy of ATP held?
In the bonds connecting the phosphate groups
what is the first law of thermodynamics? what does this mean?
energy is conserved. Means that energy is neither created or destroyed, it only changes from one form to another. Total energy before = total energy after
what is the second law of thermodynamics?
energy transformations always result in an increase in disorder in the universe
what increases when energy is transferred and why?
entropy increases as some of the energy is lost as heat which increases disorder (entropy) in the surroundings
how do atoms change during chemical reactions?
the bonds linking atoms change, but the atoms keep their identity
what is gibbs free energy?
the amount of energy in a system available to do work
how is the outcome of gibbs free energy calculated and what does it determine?
the change in gibbs free energy is the gibbs free energy of the products - the gibbs free energy of the reactants. If the end sum is negative, the reactions releases energy and is exergonic. if the end sum is positive, the reaction requires energy and is endergonic.
what is the yield in a catabolic reaction and why?
it yields a negative change in gibbs free energy. this is because the products have less chemical energy than the reactants and are more disordered. this reaction is exergonic.
what is the yield in anabolic reactions and why?
it yields a positive change in gibbs free energy. this is because the products have more chemical energy than the reactants and are less disordered. this reaction is endergonic.
