Chapter 8 An Introduction to Metabolism

Question 1

Sugars can be converted to amino acids that are linked together into

Answer 1

proteins

Question 2

when food is digested, proteins are dismantled into amino acids that can be converted to

Answer 2

sugars

Question 3

drives this cellular economy by extracting the energy stored in sugars and other fuels. Cells apply this energy to perform various types of work, such as the transport of solutes across the plasma membrane,

Answer 3

cellular respiration

Question 4

the ocean waves are brightly illuminated from within by free-floating, single-celled marine organisms called

Answer 4

dinoflagellates.

Question 5

dinoflagellates convert the energy stored in certain organic molecules to light, a process called

Answer 5

bioluminescence

Question 6

bioluminescent organisms are found in the oceans, but some exist on land, such as the

Answer 6

bioluminescent firefly

Question 7

Bioluminescence and other metabolic activities carried out by a cell are precisely

Answer 7

coordinated and controlled

Question 8

is an emergent property of life that arises from orderly interactions between molecules.

Answer 8

Metabolism

Question 9

We can picture a cell’s metabolism as an elaborate road map of the thousands of chemical reactions that occur in a cell, arranged as .

Answer 9

intersecting metabolic pathways

Question 10

begins with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product

Answer 10

metabolic pathway

Question 11

Each step of the pathway is catalyzed by a

Answer 11

specific enzyme

Question 12

Metabolism as a whole manages the

Answer 12

material and energy resources of the cell.

Question 13

Some metabolic pathways release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds. These degradative processes are called

Answer 13

catabolic pathways, or breakdown pathways

Question 14

A major pathway of catabolism is

Answer 14

cellular respiration, in which the sugar glucose and other organic fuels are broken down in the presence of oxygen to carbon dioxide and water.

Question 15

Pathways can have more than one starting

Answer 15

molecule and/or product

Question 16

consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones;

Answer 16

Anabolic pathways, sometimes called biosynthetic pathways

Question 17

Examples of anabolism are the

Answer 17

synthesis of an amino acid from simpler molecules and the synthesis of a protein from amino acids.

Question 18

Catabolic and anabolic pathways are the

Answer 18

“downhill” and “uphill” avenues of the metabolic landscape.

Question 19

Energy released from the downhill reactions of catabolic pathways can be stored and then used to drive the uphill reactions of

Answer 19

anabolic pathways.

Question 20

the study of how energy flows through living organisms.

Answer 20

bioenergetics

Question 21

is the capacity to cause change

Answer 21

Energy

Question 22

energy is the ability to rearrange a

Answer 22

collection of matter

Question 23

Energy can be associated with the relative motion of objects; this energy is called

Answer 23

kinetic energy

Question 24

is kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules;

Answer 24

Thermal energy

Question 25

thermal energy in transfer from one object to another is called

Answer 25

heat

Question 26

is also a type of energy that can be harnessed to perform work, such as powering photosynthesis in green plants.

Answer 26

Light

Question 27

it is energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

Answer 27

potential energy

Question 28

possess energy because of the arrangement of electrons in the bonds between their atoms

Answer 28

Molecules

Question 29

is a term used by biologists to refer to the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction

Answer 29

Chemical energy

Question 30

release energy by breaking down complex molecules

Answer 30

catabolic pathways

Question 31

During a catabolic reaction, some bonds are broken and others are formed, releasing

Answer 31

energy and resulting in lower-energy breakdown products.

Question 32

transformation also occurs in the engine of a car when the hydrocarbons of gasoline react explosively with oxygen, releasing the

Answer 32

energy that pushes the pistons and producing exhaust

Question 33

a similar reaction of food molecules with oxygen provides chemical energy in biological systems, producing

Answer 33

carbon dioxide and water as waste products

Question 34

woman climbing the ladder to the diving platform is releasing

Answer 34

chemical energy from the food she ate for lunch and using some of that energy to perform the work of climbing

Question 35

The____________________ of muscle movement is thus being transformed into potential energy due to her increasing height above the water.

Answer 35

kinetic energy

Question 36

man diving is converting his ________________________________which is then transferred to the water as he enters it, resulting in splashing, noise, and increased movement of _______________.

Answer 36

potential energy to kinetic energy, water molecules

Question 37

small amount of energy is lost as heat due to

Answer 37

friction.

Question 38

it the energy associated with motion

Answer 38

kinetic energy

Question 39

energy that is not kinetic is called ___________, and is energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

Answer 39

potential energy

Question 40

is neither created nor destroyed but converted from one form to another

Answer 40

energy

Question 41

this property is called the

Answer 41

conservation of energy

Question 42

the bow and arrow start out with low

Answer 42

potential energy

Question 43

as the archer's arm pulls back the string ______________, from the arm's motion is converted to ____________________ in the tense bowstring and arrow

Answer 43

kinetic energy, potential energy

Question 44

when the bowstring is released, the stored potential energy is converted into the _______________ of the moving arrow

Answer 44

kinetic energy

Question 45

when the arrow hits the target, is motion

Answer 45

ceases

Question 46

when energy is converted from potential energy to kinetic energy some of the energy can be used to do

Answer 46

work

Question 47

some energy ends up as _________, a type of _________________.

Answer 47

heat, kinetic energy

Question 48

heat is the random motion of

Answer 48

atoms and molecules

Question 49

as the arrow flies through the air, heat is generated by ___________ between the arrow and air molecules

Answer 49

friction

Question 50

when the arrow strikes the target all the _______ becomes __________________.

Answer 50

energy, heat energy

Question 51

the _______________ is rapidly transferred into the air and spreads out

Answer 51

heat energy

Question 52

heat energy is a very disordered kind of __________

Answer 52

energy

Question 53

heat energy has the highest amount of __________, or disorder, of any kind of energy

Answer 53

entropy

Question 54

our bodies use the __________________ from food to perform work.

Answer 54

chemical energy

Question 55

chemical energy is a form of

Answer 55

potential energy

Question 56

when your body breaks down food molecules, the stored potential energy from food can be converted to

Answer 56

kinetic energy

Question 57

the stored chemical energy in food is released in your ______________________ during the process of ___________________________

Answer 57

muscle cells, cellular respiration

Question 58

using ___________, cellular respiration converts chemical energy from food to another form of chemical energy called ____

Answer 58

oxygen, ATP

Question 59

water(H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO20) are by=products of

Answer 59

cellular respiration

Question 60

the potential energy of _____ can be converted to _______________

Answer 60

ATP, kinetic energy

Question 61

some of the _______________ is used to do useful work, such as pulling back a bowstring, but the _______________ that is generated cannot be used to do work.

Answer 61

kinetic energy, heat energy

Question 62

The study of the energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter is called

Answer 62

thermodynamics

Question 63

Scientists use the word ___________ to denote the matter under study; they refer to the rest of the universe—everything outside the system—as the ______________.

Answer 63

system, surroundings

Question 64

An ____________________, such as that approximated by liquid in a thermos bottle, is unable to exchange either energy or matter with its surroundings outside the thermos

Answer 64

isolated system

Question 65

an ________________, energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings.

Answer 65

open system

Question 66

Organisms are

Answer 66

open systems

Question 67

They _______________—for instance, light energy or chemical energy in the form of organic molecules—and release ______________________________, such as carbon dioxide, to the surroundings

Answer 67

absorb energy, heat and metabolic waste products

Question 68

_______________ of thermodynamics govern energy transformations in organisms and all other collections of matter.

Answer 68

Two laws

Question 69

the energy of the universe is constant: Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

Answer 69

first law of thermodynamics

Question 70

The first law is also known as the

Answer 70

principle of conservation of energy

Question 71

By converting sunlight to __________________, a plant acts as an ____________________, not an energy producer.

Answer 71

chemical energy, energy transformer

Question 72

during every energy transfer or transformation, some energy becomes _______________ to do work.

Answer 72

unavailable

Question 73

In the process of carrying out chemical reactions that perform various kinds of work, ________________ unavoidably convert other forms of energy to heat

Answer 73

living cells

Question 74

A system can put this energy to work only when there is a ___________________________ that results in thermal energy flowing as heat from a warmer location to a ________________.

Answer 74

temperature difference, cooler one

Question 75

If temperature is uniform, as it is in a living cell, then the heat generated during a chemical reaction will simply___________________, such as the organism.

Answer 75

warm a body of matter

Question 76

used by scientists, has a specific molecular definition related to how dispersed the energy is in a system, and how many different energy levels are present

Answer 76

disorder

Question 77

as a measure of molecular disorder, or randomness.

Answer 77

entropy

Question 78

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.

Answer 78

second law of thermodynamics

Question 79

entropy of the universe is more abstract, however, because it takes the form of

Answer 79

increasing amounts of heat and less ordered forms of matter.

Question 80

by itself, leads to an increase in entropy, that process can proceed without requiring an input of energy

Answer 80

spontaneous process

Question 81

when you read the formal term “spontaneous,” the word favored by chemists.

Answer 81

“energetically favorable”

Question 82

A process that, on its own, leads to a decrease in entropy is said to be

Answer 82

nonspontaneous

Question 83

Living systems increase the entropy of their surroundings, as predicted by

Answer 83

thermodynamic law

Question 84

simpler molecules are ordered into the more complex structure of an amino acid, and amino acids are ordered into

Answer 84

polypeptide chains.

Question 85

energy flows into most ecosystems in the form of _________ and exits in the form of _______

Answer 85

light, heat

Question 86

we can trace the ancestry of the plant kingdom from much simpler organisms called

Answer 86

green algae to more complex flowering plants.