Chapter 8 Flashcards
Racial Profiling
The practice of suspecting that someone has committed a crime based on his or her race
race
Social category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people
ethnicity
Social category that is applied to a group with a shared ancestry or cultural heritage
symbolic ethnicity
enactments of ethnic identity that occur only on special occasions
ethnic identity that is only relevant on specific occasions and does not significantly impact everyday life.
minority
a group that’s smaller in number than the majority group
people who are recognized as belonging to a social category and who suffer from unequal treatment as a result of that status
prejudice
literally a ‘prejudgment’ is an inflexible attitude (usually negative, although it can work in the reverse) about a particular group pf people that is rooted in generalizations or stereotypes
discrimination
an action or behavior that results in the unequal treatment of individuals because of their racial or ethnic group
timid bigots
that a person can be prejudiced and still not discriminate against others
implicit bias
attitudes or stereotypes that are embedded at an unconscious level and may influence our perceptions, decisions, and actions
individual discrimination
discrimination carried out by one person against another
institutional discrimination
discrimination carried out systematically by institutions (political, economic, educational, and others) that affects all members of a group who come into contact with it
white nationalism
the belief that the nation should be built around a white identity that is reflected in religion, politics, economics, and culture
privilege
unearned advantage accorded to members of dominant social groups (males, whites, heterosexuals, the physically able, etc.)
race consciousness
an ideology that acknowledges race as a powerful social construct that shapes our individual and social experiences
microaggressions
everyday uses of subtle verbal and nonverbal communications that convey denigrating or dismissive messages to members of certain social groups
cultural appropriation
the adoption of cultural elements belonging to an oppressed group by members of the dominant group, without permission and often for the dominant group’s gain
reverse racism
the claim by whites that they suffer discrimination based upon their race and. therefore, experience social disadvantages
antiracist allies
whites and others working toward the goal of ending racial injustice
ethnocentrism
the belief that one’s own culture and way of life are right and normal
conflict theory
focuses on the struggle for power and control
Edna Bonacich
argued that racism is partly driven by economic competition and the struggle over scarce resources
split labor market
in which one group of workers (usually defined by race, ethnicity, or gender) is routinely paid less than those in other groups, keeps wages low for racial and ethnic minorities, compounding the effects of racism with those of poverty
critical race theory
- outgrowth of conflict theory
- racism permeates our social institutions, especially our judicial system, and must be recognized and addressed as such
- focus on intersectionality
- encourages the inclusion of narratives from a multitude of intersecting voices and viewpoints
intersectionality
- taking into account how race is also modified by class, gender, sexuality, and other social statuses
symbolic interactionists
- focus on how we perceive and interpret race in everyday life, looking at the meanings and ideas we hold and how this helps to produce and perpetuate real-world consequences
situational ethnicity
an ethnic identity that can be either displayed or concealed, depending on its usefulness in a given situation.
racial passing
living as if one is a member of a different racial category
double-consciousness
W.E.B. DuBois’s term for the divided identity experienced by blacks in the United States
embodied identity
the way we are perceived in the physical world
those elements of identity that are generated through others’ perceptions of our physical traits
miscegenation
the romantic, sexual, or marital relationships between people of different races
genocide
the deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, national, or cultural group
population transfer
the forcible removal of a group of people from the territory they have occupied
internal colonialism
describes the exploitation of a minority group within the dominant group’s own borders
segregation
separation of groups by race or ethnicity
assimilation
a minority group is absorbed into the dominant group
racial assimilation
having children with the dominant group until the different races are completely mixed
cultural assimilation
which members learn the cultural practices of the dominant group
pluralism
- permits racial and ethnic variation within one society
- encourages people to embrace diversity as a positive feature of society
- tolerance of racial and ethnic differences
- a cultural pattern of intergroup relations that encourages racial and ethnic variation and acceptance within a society
