Chapter 8

Question 1

Racial Profiling

Answer 1

The practice of suspecting that someone has committed a crime based on his or her race

Question 2

race

Answer 2

Social category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people

Question 3

ethnicity

Answer 3

Social category that is applied to a group with a shared ancestry or cultural heritage

Question 4

symbolic ethnicity

Answer 4

enactments of ethnic identity that occur only on special occasions
ethnic identity that is only relevant on specific occasions and does not significantly impact everyday life.

Question 5

minority

Answer 5

a group that’s smaller in number than the majority group
people who are recognized as belonging to a social category and who suffer from unequal treatment as a result of that status

Question 6

prejudice

Answer 6

literally a ‘prejudgment’ is an inflexible attitude (usually negative, although it can work in the reverse) about a particular group pf people that is rooted in generalizations or stereotypes

Question 7

discrimination

Answer 7

an action or behavior that results in the unequal treatment of individuals because of their racial or ethnic group

Question 8

timid bigots

Answer 8

that a person can be prejudiced and still not discriminate against others

Question 9

implicit bias

Answer 9

attitudes or stereotypes that are embedded at an unconscious level and may influence our perceptions, decisions, and actions

Question 10

individual discrimination

Answer 10

discrimination carried out by one person against another

Question 11

institutional discrimination

Answer 11

discrimination carried out systematically by institutions (political, economic, educational, and others) that affects all members of a group who come into contact with it

Question 12

white nationalism

Answer 12

the belief that the nation should be built around a white identity that is reflected in religion, politics, economics, and culture

Question 13

privilege

Answer 13

unearned advantage accorded to members of dominant social groups (males, whites, heterosexuals, the physically able, etc.)

Question 14

race consciousness

Answer 14

an ideology that acknowledges race as a powerful social construct that shapes our individual and social experiences

Question 15

microaggressions

Answer 15

everyday uses of subtle verbal and nonverbal communications that convey denigrating or dismissive messages to members of certain social groups

Question 16

cultural appropriation

Answer 16

the adoption of cultural elements belonging to an oppressed group by members of the dominant group, without permission and often for the dominant group’s gain

Question 17

reverse racism

Answer 17

the claim by whites that they suffer discrimination based upon their race and. therefore, experience social disadvantages

Question 18

antiracist allies

Answer 18

whites and others working toward the goal of ending racial injustice

Question 19

ethnocentrism

Answer 19

the belief that one’s own culture and way of life are right and normal

Question 20

conflict theory

Answer 20

focuses on the struggle for power and control

Question 21

Edna Bonacich

Answer 21

argued that racism is partly driven by economic competition and the struggle over scarce resources

Question 22

split labor market

Answer 22

in which one group of workers (usually defined by race, ethnicity, or gender) is routinely paid less than those in other groups, keeps wages low for racial and ethnic minorities, compounding the effects of racism with those of poverty

Question 23

critical race theory

Answer 23

• outgrowth of conflict theory
• racism permeates our social institutions, especially our judicial system, and must be recognized and addressed as such
• focus on intersectionality
• encourages the inclusion of narratives from a multitude of intersecting voices and viewpoints

Question 24

intersectionality

Answer 24

• taking into account how race is also modified by class, gender, sexuality, and other social statuses

Question 25

symbolic interactionists

Answer 25

• focus on how we perceive and interpret race in everyday life, looking at the meanings and ideas we hold and how this helps to produce and perpetuate real-world consequences

Question 26

situational ethnicity

Answer 26

an ethnic identity that can be either displayed or concealed, depending on its usefulness in a given situation.

Question 27

racial passing

Answer 27

living as if one is a member of a different racial category

Question 28

double-consciousness

Answer 28

W.E.B. DuBois’s term for the divided identity experienced by blacks in the United States

Question 29

embodied identity

Answer 29

the way we are perceived in the physical world

those elements of identity that are generated through others’ perceptions of our physical traits

Question 30

miscegenation

Answer 30

the romantic, sexual, or marital relationships between people of different races

Question 31

genocide

Answer 31

the deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial, ethnic, national, or cultural group

Question 32

population transfer

Answer 32

the forcible removal of a group of people from the territory they have occupied

Question 33

internal colonialism

Answer 33

describes the exploitation of a minority group within the dominant group’s own borders

Question 34

segregation

Answer 34

separation of groups by race or ethnicity

Question 35

assimilation

Answer 35

a minority group is absorbed into the dominant group

Question 36

racial assimilation

Answer 36

having children with the dominant group until the different races are completely mixed

Question 37

cultural assimilation

Answer 37

which members learn the cultural practices of the dominant group

Question 38

pluralism

Answer 38

• permits racial and ethnic variation within one society
• encourages people to embrace diversity as a positive feature of society
• tolerance of racial and ethnic differences
• a cultural pattern of intergroup relations that encourages racial and ethnic variation and acceptance within a society