chapter 8,9,10 Flashcards
nature
the genetic factors that influence a persons development
nurture
the environmental factors influencing a persons development
physical development
refers to development of our body structure and functions including gross motor skills and fine motor skills
cognitive development
refers to the development of our mental abilities including memories, thinking, language, problem solving
emotional and social development
refers to the ability to interact with other people and to regulate and understand emotions e.g. making friends and understanding peoples feelings
maturation
is a genetically programmed process that governs growth e.g. babies cannot learn to walk until there bodies and brains physically are able
developmental norms
indicates the average age certain skills or behaviour will be achieved, provides feedback on whether a child is progressing normally compared to the rest of the population
teratogens
are toxic to babies they include alcohol, drugs and bad foods it is paramount that mothers don’t ingest such substances
critical periods
stage in the lifespan of an organism during which the nervous system is especially sensitive to certain environmental stimuli. e.g.. for animals imprinting and babies exposure to light so there retinas can develop
sensitive periods
s a developmental term and refers to a time when a child is particularly receptive to certain kinds of environmental experiences. Given the high level of receptivity, this is an ideal time for learning. e.g. linguistic ability which is a sensitive period up till puberty
factors that enhance psychological development
a prosperous environment with exposure to many things such as education, love, necessary nutrients and water, social interaction
factors restricting psychological environment
a deprived environment which can include limited education or non, poverty, abuse, consuming of teratogens while you were in the womb, isolation
inborn reflexes
sucking reflex, gripping reflex, rooting reflex( stroking cheek makes them turn in that direction) and morrow reflex(moving arms when shocked)
importance of early experience
- critical periods are a period in life that must happen for normal development to proceed
- teratogens
- sensitive periods best time for psychological development to happen
experience expectant and dependent
expectant learning occurs during sensitive periods while experience dependent learning can occur throughout the lifespan
ages through the lifespan
pre natal, infancy (0-2), childhood (2-12), adolescence (12-20) early childhood (20-40, middle adulthood (40-65), late adulthood(65+)
attachment
is the close social and emotional bond of affection that develops between the infant and his or hers primary caregivers
privation
if a child never forms a close relationship with anyone
types of attachment
insecure avoidant: both adults are treated the same, they rarely get upset with the stranger but also don’t cling to there caregiver
secure attachment: these infants will be very attached to there caregiver and also will become very distressed with the stranger and the the caregiver leaves
insecure resistant: these infants are more clingy they don’t look around much and become incredibly upset when the caregiver leaves and avoids comfort with the stranger
schema, accommodation and assimilation
“When a child learns the word for dog, they start to call all four-legged animals dogs. This is assimilation. People around them will say, no, that’s not a dog, it’s a cat. The schema for dog then gets modified to restrict it to only certain four-legged animals. That is accommodation.
schema is a mental idea of what something is and how to deal with it
assimilation is where you place an already existing idea into a new idea to make sense of it
accomodation is where you newly understand the new thing and now place the new term into place
four stages of cognitive development
sensoimotor: 0-2 key accomplishments: object permanence and goal directed behaviour
pre operational 2-7 key accomplishments: animism, egocentratism, reversibility, symbolic thinking
concrete operational 7-12 key accomplishments: conservation, classification
formal operational 12+ key accomplishments children are able to think logically and methodically about physical and abstract problems and perform hypothesis and be more flexible in there thinking
complications off Piaget
- discovered that infants know a lot more and know sooner than Piaget thought
- the age ranges were wrong
- he used his own children which is seen as biased
- very few participants
three studies
Piaget(four stages of cognitive development). harry harlow(monkey comfort). Mary ainsworth (level of attachment of a child and caregiver)
