chapter 8,9,10

Question 1

nature

Answer 1

the genetic factors that influence a persons development

Question 2

nurture

Answer 2

the environmental factors influencing a persons development

Question 3

physical development

Answer 3

refers to development of our body structure and functions including gross motor skills and fine motor skills

Question 4

cognitive development

Answer 4

refers to the development of our mental abilities including memories, thinking, language, problem solving

Question 5

emotional and social development

Answer 5

refers to the ability to interact with other people and to regulate and understand emotions e.g. making friends and understanding peoples feelings

Question 6

maturation

Answer 6

is a genetically programmed process that governs growth e.g. babies cannot learn to walk until there bodies and brains physically are able

Question 7

developmental norms

Answer 7

indicates the average age certain skills or behaviour will be achieved, provides feedback on whether a child is progressing normally compared to the rest of the population

Question 8

teratogens

Answer 8

are toxic to babies they include alcohol, drugs and bad foods it is paramount that mothers don’t ingest such substances

Question 9

critical periods

Answer 9

stage in the lifespan of an organism during which the nervous system is especially sensitive to certain environmental stimuli. e.g.. for animals imprinting and babies exposure to light so there retinas can develop

Question 10

sensitive periods

Answer 10

s a developmental term and refers to a time when a child is particularly receptive to certain kinds of environmental experiences. Given the high level of receptivity, this is an ideal time for learning. e.g. linguistic ability which is a sensitive period up till puberty

Question 11

factors that enhance psychological development

Answer 11

a prosperous environment with exposure to many things such as education, love, necessary nutrients and water, social interaction

Question 12

factors restricting psychological environment

Answer 12

a deprived environment which can include limited education or non, poverty, abuse, consuming of teratogens while you were in the womb, isolation

Question 13

inborn reflexes

Answer 13

sucking reflex, gripping reflex, rooting reflex( stroking cheek makes them turn in that direction) and morrow reflex(moving arms when shocked)

Question 14

importance of early experience

Answer 14

• critical periods are a period in life that must happen for normal development to proceed
• teratogens
• sensitive periods best time for psychological development to happen

Question 15

experience expectant and dependent

Answer 15

expectant learning occurs during sensitive periods while experience dependent learning can occur throughout the lifespan

Question 16

ages through the lifespan

Answer 16

pre natal, infancy (0-2), childhood (2-12), adolescence (12-20) early childhood (20-40, middle adulthood (40-65), late adulthood(65+)

Question 17

attachment

Answer 17

is the close social and emotional bond of affection that develops between the infant and his or hers primary caregivers

Question 18

privation

Answer 18

if a child never forms a close relationship with anyone

Question 19

types of attachment

Answer 19

insecure avoidant: both adults are treated the same, they rarely get upset with the stranger but also don’t cling to there caregiver

secure attachment: these infants will be very attached to there caregiver and also will become very distressed with the stranger and the the caregiver leaves

insecure resistant: these infants are more clingy they don’t look around much and become incredibly upset when the caregiver leaves and avoids comfort with the stranger

Question 20

schema, accommodation and assimilation

Answer 20

“When a child learns the word for dog, they start to call all four-legged animals dogs. This is assimilation. People around them will say, no, that’s not a dog, it’s a cat. The schema for dog then gets modified to restrict it to only certain four-legged animals. That is accommodation.

schema is a mental idea of what something is and how to deal with it

assimilation is where you place an already existing idea into a new idea to make sense of it

accomodation is where you newly understand the new thing and now place the new term into place

Question 21

four stages of cognitive development

Answer 21

sensoimotor: 0-2 key accomplishments: object permanence and goal directed behaviour
pre operational 2-7 key accomplishments: animism, egocentratism, reversibility, symbolic thinking
concrete operational 7-12 key accomplishments: conservation, classification
formal operational 12+ key accomplishments children are able to think logically and methodically about physical and abstract problems and perform hypothesis and be more flexible in there thinking

Question 22

complications off Piaget

Answer 22

• discovered that infants know a lot more and know sooner than Piaget thought
• the age ranges were wrong
• he used his own children which is seen as biased
• very few participants

Question 23

three studies

Answer 23

Piaget(four stages of cognitive development). harry harlow(monkey comfort). Mary ainsworth (level of attachment of a child and caregiver)