Chapter 8 Flashcards
Note that you can palpate the head of the ulna on the posterior surface of the wrist demonstrating what??
That the head of the ulna lies slightly posterior to the radius.
The plane of the lateral wrist is not exactly aligned with what?
With the plane of the lateral hand.
How do you produce a perfect lateral wrist position on most patients?
The palm of the hand should be supinate 5 degrees from lateral, as demonstrated in figure 131.
This slight 5 degree rotation will roll the radius back slightly and place?
The ulna in mid shaft.
If the head of the ulna is seen lying posteriorly in relation to the radius, the wrist is rotated toward?
Pronation. Figure 132.
If the head of the ulna lies anteriorly against the radius, the wrist is rotated toward?
supination
Navicular Adequate ulnar flexion (adduction) of the Hans will open what?
The joint space between the navicular (scaphoid) and the capitate and lunate to the side.
The stecher recommends _____ degrees of hyperextension. Or a ____ degree proximal angulation of the x Ray beam.
15-20
The angulation will do what?
Open the joint space between the navicular and the trapezium for an optimal view. figure 133
Another name for trapezium?
Greater multangular
Carpal tunnel With sufficient _______ (dorsiexion) of the wrist, the pisiform will not superimpose what?
The triquetrum and the carpals will be demonstrated in an arch formation.
ELBOW AND LONG BONES
Rotation
The elbow area has no symmetrical anatomy and therefore what?
Lacks criteria for simple explanation
Figure 134 demonstrates what?
A non rotated frontal view.
The epicondylar area of the humerus is fairly what?
Symmetrical and broad
The olecranon process of the ulna is roughly centered where?
Within the distal humerus.
The medial 1/3 of the head and neck of the radius and radial tuberosity superimpose what?
The ulna.
When the elbow is rotated medially (internally) overlapping of what occurs?
Overlapping of the radial head and the ulna will increase.
With lateral (external) rotation what will overlap?
Overlap will decrease toward complete de superimposition
For the frontal view of the forearm the hand and wrist should be ______.
Supine
For a frontal view of a forearm of the proximal radius crosses over the ulna, then what?
The bad was improperly pronated.
For the humerus the positions of the greater and lesser what should be checked?
Tuberosities.
In the non rotated frontal view, the greater tuberosity will what?
Greater tuberosity will be placed in profile laterally to the anatomical neck.
Non rotated frontal view of humerus there will be a distinct internal what?
Curvature only on the medial surface of the neck as it “turns” toward the scapula. Figure 135
Combining these criteria with the appearance appearance of the elbow, one can what?
Make a good judgment of the presence and degree of rotation.
Flexion of the elbow joint will do what??
Close the joint space between the radius and the humerus off, with the head of the radius superimposing the capitellum of the humerus. Figure 136
True lateral views of the elbow, forearm or humerus are all characterized by direct superimposition of what?
The two condyles of the humerus as in Figure 137.
The line diagram in Figure 138 shows what?
Expected appearance of these 2 condyles when rotation or tilt are present.
Tilt or improper abduction of the humerus occurs when what?
When the patient’s shoulder is not lowered to the level film.
What is necessary for all lateral views of the forearm, elbow, and humerus?
Shoulder needs to be lowered to the level of the film.
When the lateral view of the humerus is improperly rotated what happens?
Neither tuberosity will appear distinctly in profile, and on the distal end of the condyles will shift off of each other side-to-side as diagrammed in Figure 138 and demonstrated in 140
Lateral view of forearm the wrist must??
Be in true lateral.
Lateral view of the humerus, how will the tuberosities be placed?
Lesser tuberosity will be placed in profile on the medial surface of the humeral neck and the general broadening of the neck area will appear symmetrical with the head head centered upon it like ice cream on a cone. 141
Lateral elbow flexed?
90 degrees
What is the common problem with lateral projections of the humerus, elbow and forearm?
Tilt of the humerus
The common problem is detected by what??
By a vertical, superior to inferior shifting of the numeral condyles. 138 139
What is tilt usually due to?
Insufficient abduction of the humerus caused by not lowering the patient’s shoulder to the level of the film.
How do you bring the shoulder down to the level of the table?
The patient must frequently bend at the waist in seated position
Trans thoracic lateral view when possible the hand should
Hand should be supinated as the patient stands against the film. Not in neutral
With the hand in near or full supination, the humerus condyles can be placed how??
In true lateral position against film.
Transthoracic lateral view not
Oblique!
With the humerus in true lateral position, the lesser tuberositity will be what?
Will be in profile anteriorly, and the neck will show a symmetrical broadening with the head in the middle.
Oblique views
With proper 45 degree rotation, the internal oblique of the elbow places what where?
The coronoid process of the ulna in profile, with nearly all of the radial head superimposed over the ulna 140
Proper rotation on the external oblique opens what?
Opens the proximal radioulnar joint with no superimposition of the radial head and ulna
In rotated frontalviews the distal phalanx of each finger does what?
Appears symmetrical with equal concavity on either side.
In true lateral views, the anterior surface of each phalanx will appear as what
appear more concave than the posterior side.
Rotattaion is rarel a prolem on frontal views of the scapula and clavicle
With rotation of the body away fro the affected sidewide with slef everythings else
The capular Y position may be critiqued identically to what?
The lateral scapula, with the exception that the humerus wll superimpose rark
